Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fraud - Essay Example The principle center is around the robbery of personality utilizing PC. The following segment targets clarifying what Identity burglary implies assisting which the issues are addressed. The misfortune and abuse of individual ID data is called Identity robbery. Individual distinguishing proof data like a government disability number, name, spot of birth, mother’s family name, telephone number, and so forth go about as the main data that recognize a person. This data is utilized for various purposes like opening a financial balance, taking cash, annuity payouts or to increase some other advantages. The loss of any of the data can help the id cheats to utilize this and make another id for themselves. The hoodlums become the blamed and the individual whose id is taken turns into the person in question. A casualty can confront significant results with the loss of personality. The abuse of character of an individual can lead the person to experience the ill effects of awful credits, erroneous criminal acquisitions (Consumer Report, 2008). With the consistent upgrades in innovation, there has likewise been an expansion in the mis-use of the accessible innovation to take people’s personalities or different sorts of cheats. Perhaps the greatest issue has been that of the impact of Internet over the expansion of the cheats. With the expanded utilization of the Internet, it has been noticed that there have been an expansion deceitful exercises over the Internet also. There is a great deal of data that streams around the Internet at some random point in time, with the expanded utilization of the Internet for various offices like installments of bills, online appointments, e-shopping, and so forth (Chad, 2004). Every one of these exercises include a great deal of individual data skimming everywhere throughout the Internet. The Internet fraud contrasts from the typical type of data fraud in various manners. In this type of robbery the casualty won't be

Principal Ways of Financing the Welfare State

Presentation In a century confronted with critical worldwide budgetary emergencies, talking about financing government assistance state as an issue of criticalness has gotten unavoidable. Haziness in the manner by which government assistance states are financed has altogether added to vulnerability about which strategy choices are accessible. Researchers have communicated assorted suppositions about the financing systems of the government assistance state.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Principal Ways of Financing the Welfare State explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some says that the government assistance state is the sole wellspring of the two progressing significant emergencies in created nations; that is, monetary and obligation emergencies. On the other hand, advocates see the government assistance state as a holy, past question, and naturally great. The examination shows that different advancements, for example, making an immediate conne ction among commitments and returns, are important to determine the starkness that exists in methods of the government assistance state. As indicated by Page (2011: 63), a government assistance state ‘refers to a model whereby the administration assumes a critical job in the arrangement of basic financial just as social needs of the subjects’. For example, the administration may offer to give training, lodging food, joblessness, and medical coverage to its residents. Cook (2007b) noticed that the point of the idea of the government assistance state is to advance correspondence and a given least personal satisfaction for each resident. The reason for this paper is to dissect the main methods of financing the government assistance state. In this manner, it will investigate the impacts of duty financed and commitment financed frameworks, just as rising patterns in the develop states. This exposition is isolated into three areas. First is the authentic foundation of practic al edge government assistance state, which quickly talks about the government assistance history in UK. The primary methods of the government assistance state will be introduced, trailed by financing patterns in develop government assistance states. Through these areas, a reasonable thought rises on the adjustments that ought to be made on methods of financing the government assistance state. Chronicled Background Historians accept that Conservatives presented the government assistance state, yet the presentation of a government assistance state didn't agree with communists and worker's guilds. Sefton (2012: 8) takes note of that in spite of the fact that the early stages of the government assistance state in the United Kingdom (UK) goes back to as ahead of schedule as the period of Liberal Welfare Reform from 1906-1914, it began being considered intensely after the Second World War.Advertising Looking for paper on law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1942, William Beveridge found five issues that should have been settled for the UK to improve as a country. The Beveridge Committee report has been cited as an amazing report that built up the establishments for most social changes that have been accomplished in the nation (Sefton 2012: 11). The five issues distinguished in the report were destitution, ailment, obliviousness, filth, and inaction. Page (2011: 20) noticed that so as to wipe out these â€Å"greatest shades of malice of the contemporary age†, the panel suggested the formation of a government assistance state made out of standardized savings, a national wellbeing administration, free instruction, committee lodging, and full work. During the parliamentary decisions held in the mid year of 1945, after the end of the Second World War, the Labor Party got a persuading win in this way empowering the pioneer of the gathering, Clement Attlee, to delegate his bureau without including the re sistance (Page, 2011: 26). Having the lion's share in the House of Commons was of extraordinary hugeness as it empowered the administration to progress in the direction of accomplishing its guarantees, specifically the foundation of a government assistance state. The Labor Party expected force with a ton of enthusiasm for administration. In any case, the monetary circumstance in the nation was convoluted. As per Page (2011: 29), the legislature needed to make dubious exchanges with Washington over fundamental assets just as other brutal estimates authorized by the United States, for example, the end of the British magnificent tax framework. Following the arrangement with Washington, the Labor party started the social change by nationalizing the primary segments of different businesses, for example, the banking and railroad ventures. Streams and Manza (2006: 820) note that the course of setting up the renewals started practically straight after the institution of specific laws: the N ational Insurance Act (NIA), the Industrial Injuries Act (IIA) and the National Health Act (NHA). By the by, the foundation of a government assistance state despite everything confronted difficulties. These were generally identified with the established changes that the Labor Party presented during the post-war period. The presentation of the Representation of the People Act of 1948 and the change of the Trades Dispute Act of 1927 limited the intensity of the House of Lords (Brooks Manza, 2006). The mentality of the Conservatives towards the government assistance state was likewise part of the issue, as was obvious in the distribution of the Industrial Charter. Moreover, the genuine expense of running the National Health Service (NHS) was tremendous as it was developing at a rate in opposition to the arranged expense (Kangas Palme 2007: 61).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Principal Ways of Financing the Welfare State explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page L earn More In an endeavor to defeat this hole in subsidizing, there were endeavors to present new clinical remedy charges. In any case, these endeavors were ineffective after a mounting ideological and political distinction between the pioneers of the Labor Party (Sefton 2012: 38). Later on, in 1950, the Korean War broke out, driving Britain to give military help to the U.S. Therefore, there was a desperate decrease in the wellbeing administration spending plan. Head Ways of Financing the Welfare State From a monetary perspective, the manner by which government assistance states are financed is vital. Genschel (2002: 261) holds that expenses and National Insurance installments may actuate various social responses. For instance, laborers and organizations may endeavor to move the weight of the expense to others through wages just as costs. For example, Brady, Seelelb-Kalser, and Beckfield (2005) place that there might be a uniqueness if a government disability is supported through dut ies that are not similar to privileges, dissimilar to when they hold fast to actuarial precepts. As per Kirkup (2013: 45), the expense of government assistance is something that make open accounts impractical, which proposes that the issue isn't just a transient emergency, yet additionally a drawn out issue. The ascent of a maturing populace and decreased birth rate implies that the quantity of individuals dependant populace on the working populace is expanding. With no moderation, it is foreseen that open use will be definitely influenced in the decade to come (Needham, 2011, 104). Also, the educated open is ceaselessly requesting better administrations. The high staffing expenses of social administrations makes profitability progressively confused to achieve. Khoman, Mitchell, and Weale (2008: 214) hold that, with time, the expense of settling the obligations of the ongoing past will outperform the increasing expense of keeping up the status of the government assistance state. Pun dits issue Britain for attempting to make social government assistance to European levels while Britons are just ready to pay charges at a similar level as the Americans. By giving this elevated level government assistance state without adjusting its obligations makes it hard to sidestep this drawn out issue. The interest for government assistance financing has additionally been unavoidable, as the social government assistance spending among individuals from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has ascended from 7% to 19% more than 50 years. In Britain, the ascent in social approach use more than three decades is practically identical to 5% of GDP. Glennerster (2010: 82) contends that the national income has dropped from 41.6% to 37.1% of GDP. The progressing situation of high social approach use joined by lower charges has been accomplished by limiting GDP consumptions on administrations, for example, resistance just as financing the expenses through obt ained credits (Needham, 2011: 109).Advertising Searching for paper on law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reports show that Britain will be in a situation to support forthcoming social use, as the working populace is relied upon to rise. Besides, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has shown that the socioeconomics populace of created nations will have more impact on social consumption than the results of banking scrapes. As indicated by Glennerster (2010: 91), when the UK has handled the issue of banking, it should tackle progressively unfavorable ones: measurements show that residents are similarly isolated on the issue of paying more charges to support the degree of open administrations to comprehend the present emergency. In the ongoing past, pundits have said it isn't workable for the government assistance state to prevail in Britain. During the 1970s, researchers blamed states for being awkward at beating the weight brought about by a monetary emergency. In reality, these allegations were rarely affirmed, as none of the administrations fallen. Palier (2010: 36) contends that most governments kept on raising charges and lessen costs on certain annuity guarantees while expanding social consumption. A few past examiners neglected to comprehend that the issues that made financing government assistance state muddled caused were far more terrible for the private market. Genschel (2004: 623) cautions that the expansion in life has hope heightened the use on compensations just as private benefits plans. Lamentably, the impacts of this expansion were disregarded by the private area. Most businesses have limited their annuity commitments and have moved the burd

Country Boy, City Boy free essay sample

For the duration of their lives, individuals gather experienceswhich shape them. These encounters lead numerous to hold differentiating perspectives and topractice divergent philosophies. Contrasts can be solid; individuals can learn fromeach other regardless of their disparities. A significant change in my life favored mewith the information and comprehension of two tremendously different subcultures ofAmerica. It is important to recognize be-tween the two drasticallydifferent lives I have driven. During my first life my nation life - I experienced the most trusting, dependable, dedicated men I have ever known. I was brought up a homestead kid in Central Illinois in a ruralcommunity. My family and I lived on a huge family ranch of around 120 sections of land wherewe developed corn, beans, wheat and more corn. Our nearest neighbors and companions weremy cousins, auntie, uncle and grandparents. Since they lived just a mile away, wesaw them consistently. Everybody shared basic bonds in the nation; we as a whole dependedon the climate and on one another, and were God-dreading people. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nation Boy, City Boy or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Lifewas moderate and unsurprising. It was an interesting way of life, since I think back on it.We lived directly off Rural Route One of every a house that had been passed down from onegeneration to the following, as most in that piece of Illinois. Our hundred-year-oldhome had been redesigned commonly was still wrecked. After we moved, itwas torn down to prepare for more ranch land. There were peculiaritiesthat some may discover hard to comprehend. The ties that bound the nation folktogether were only one differentiation. In our town of 100 (on the off chance that you tallied all thecats and mutts), everybody knew everybody. In the event that Jim and Sue went out on the town, notonly did everybody think about it, they additionally knew how Jim treated Sue. There was aninherent obligation and trust in this provincial milieu, and therefore, one washeld responsible for each activity. There was a quiet trust betweenpeople. For instance, once in a while instruments things vital to a rancher - would be absent. At the point when I would report their nonappearance to my granddad, he thoughtnothing of it since he had mentioned to a considerable lot of our neighbors to just take what theyneeded. Sufficiently sure, the apparatuses would be back in their places in a couple of days. Alongside this trust was the confidence in and reliance on the extendedfamily. Not many individuals see how close and significant this can be. My cousins andsister were my closest companions. I experienced childhood in a climate where family and friendswere similar individuals. This foundation has impacted the manner in which I trust and care formy companions as though they were family. This is the means by which it was done in the nation. My kindergarten class had six understudies, all young men. We confided in each otherand thought of one another as family, not simply companions. This was essentially how wewere raised. This permanent perspective on connections has brought me euphoria, especiallyafter we left the homestead. At the point when my family moved to Houston, I started mysecond life my city life. In view of my dads vocation, wetraveled to this place where there is fresh chances to succeed. The change was certainly a cultureshock. In the high rise where we lived until our home was fabricated, we werethe just Caucasian family. That was new; in the nation, everybody was white. Igradually got acquainted with the accents of my new companions and learned abouttheir religions and dialects. At the point when summer finished and school began, thenew world I lived in showed me more individuals. My educator was dark, and oneof the best instructors Ive ever had. She showed us how unique culturescelebrate occasions, including Kwanzaa, which I had never known about. I wasintrigued, and acknowledged how uninformed I was of different societies. In fact, my firstfew years in Houston were a social edification. Not all I learned wasgood, however. Savagery, reviling, taking, tranquilize misuse and different practices thatwere uncommon in the nation were conspicuous. From the start it stunned me, however I soon grewaccustomed to it and in the end figured out how to endure it. This acknowledgment ofdifferences was one of the numerous things city life steadily educated me. Thetransition in my life ceaselessly uncovers to me how innocent my old perspectives were.While once I had yearnings of turning into a rancher, the transition to the city convincedme that maybe I ought to make progress toward additional. My folks have gambled a lot and givenup more to permit their kids more prominent chances to succeed. Livingin such two particular societies has helped me find that change is important andimportant in creating unprovincial sees on life. By consolidating positiveattributes from each culture and gaining from them, I have built up a solidvalue framework that will assist me with enduring afflictions. My insight into theselife-styles gives me an extraordinary view on life which will, I trust, empower meto further comprehend different societies.

Cyberbullying as a Social Issue Essay

  There are varius social issues that should be featured today, yet cyberbullying has in a single way or the other affected on everyone. Harassing is ordered as unfriendly conduct where a common gathering mishandles its power by compromising a less focal gathering (Maher, 2008). Tormenting is a side-effect of the entrepreneur society that advocates for individual progression over some other objectives. From a young age, youngsters are urged to be as well as can be expected be. Senses push individuals to accomplish these outcomes at any expense. The superseding sense in many occurrences is close to home endurance and the need to command others. On the off chance that a man doesn't have the correct qualities, they devise approaches to threaten others out of the opposition. In the past occurrences of harassing were constrained to the generally barely any instances of up close and personal tormenting. This has changed in the data age. Expansion of specialized gadgets joined with the web gives rich ground to harassing. One explanation that could clarify the ascent in Cyberbullying is the obscurity that the web manages. Individuals realize that they don't need to represent their activities on the web and in this way will in general be more aggressive than expected. In the past the risk of physical encounter in tormenting was constantly present, notwithstanding, the web has to a great extent lessened that danger. Types of digital tormenting  Previously, I felt that just on field tormenting existing. Anyway as we went further in the course I understood that there exists various sorts of tormenting. I likewise came to discover that cyberbullying takes more than one structure. Cyberbullying alludes to a scope of exercises done online that are destructive to the prosperity of the person in question (NoBullying.com). These may appear as blazing where a contention between two individuals rapidly spreads to incorporate more individuals each taking one side of the contention and reviling to individuals on the opposite side. Another structure is provocation, where a harasser embarrasses the casualty by sending pernicious pictures, instant messages, or messages about the person in question. This sort of harassing has developed with the ongoing pattern of making images. Images will be pictures containing a message intended to scorn the person in question. Denigration is another type of Cyberbullying; the domineering jerk assaul ts and stains the casualties through spreading bogus data about them.  Impersonation is another type of Cyberbullying. The domineering jerk accept the personality of someone else with malignant purpose. Firmly identified with this is exposing where somebody increases individual data about the casualty utilizing deceptive methods, for example, pantomime. The domineering jerk at that point advances that data with the point of mortifying the person in question. We additionally have following which includes following the casualty online in an unjustified manner. As delineated, Cyberbullying includes a bunch of exercises occurring in the online space. These exercises include both inactive and dynamic interest by casualties and menaces (InDirect) Reasons for web based harassing   Online tormenting may occur for a few reasons. To start with, harassing by well known children happens on the grounds that they need to keep up their ubiquity (Donegan, 2012). Such individuals utilize harassing to approve their prevalence. Frequently, this requires the help of supporters and associates who stay uninvolved cheering effectively and inactively as the domineering jerk cuts down the person in question. This sort of tormenting is probably going to target popular individuals since assaulting them furnishes the domineering jerk with potential for pulling in more consideration. Notwithstanding prevalence, harming others causes such individuals to feel amazing. The more individuals they menace the more remarkable they become. Taking on popular figures helps the intensity of such domineering jerks to significantly more prominent statures (NoBullying.com).  The other gathering of online domineering jerks is individuals who are less socially effective. This gathering structures the majority of digital domineering jerks. They discover comfort in tormenting as it causes them adapt to their low confidence. Their goal is to fit in with their friends and tormenting gives an opportunity to assist them with accomplishing this objective (InDirect). Cyberbullying requires even less fortitude than conventional types of tormenting. The web with its namelessness assists individuals with indicating their genuine nature. Digital domineering jerks probably won't be menaces, in actuality, yet since the web gives them secrecy, they exploit that to menace others (Donegan 2012).   Effects of CyberbullyingStudies have indicated that harassing makes passionate harm its casualties however the greater part of these casualties think that its hard to let it be known. In an investigation including more than 3000 understudies, specialists discovered that out of every tormenting casualty, 38% felt wrathful, 37% were furious, while 24% felt powerless. Another investigation led by the Cyberbullying Research Center utilizing an example size of 468 understudies reached practically comparative determinations. They found that out of all the female casualties 39% felt baffled, 36% felt furious and 25% felt pitiful about it, the guys figures were 27%, 36% and 17% for every one of those individual classifications. Females appear to demonstrate high weakness to tormenting than guys. Be that as it may, this is not really astonishing since guys will in general concede enthusiastic shortcoming less promptly than their female partners do (Hinduja and Patchin, 2009).  Sociologist Robert Agnew built up the Great Strain Theory, which speculates that survivors of tormenting can create dangerous feelings, which cause degenerate conduct. The casualty experiences an endless loop and this can result to the casualty creating reserved conduct as they attempt to process their feelings and discover an outlet for their indignation and dissatisfaction (Hinduja and Patchin, 2009).   Bullying additionally negatively affects the harasser. As indicated by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention report, over 60% of guys with harassing inclinations between grade six and nine were later indicted for at any rate one wrongdoing in their grown-up life. This is in contrast with 23% of individuals who didn't menace. 40% of these previous domineering jerks got in any event three conviction when they were age 24 years; this is in contrast with 10% of the individuals who were not menaces (Donegan, 2012). At the point when menaces utilize tormenting as a method for dealing with stress it prompts advancement of an endless loop for both the person in question and the domineering jerk (Oleus, 2001). Clearly, harassing has an overwhelming cost for the general public, the impacts of this propensity are durable, and a few people feel the repercussions for an incredible duration. Arrangements  Solutions to Cyberbullying will originate from taking care of the general issue of harassing since Cyberbullying is just a subset of the more extensive issue of tormenting. Wiseman reports an investigation directed in Nevada that recognized six basic components in managing harassing in schools; accessibility of a revealing methodology, combination in the educational program, understudy focused methodology with understudies stepping up to the plate of halting the training, avoidance as opposed to discipline, viable discipline to hinder the training, and staying aware of innovation. An answer for tormenting must join all partners associated with development of a kid beginning with guardians and instructors (Wiseman, 2011). End  Capitalism subliminally encourages tormenting by setting pressure on people to succeed. Nonetheless, this isn't motivation to endure this bad habit. Rivalry is just acceptable on the off chance that it is reasonable and beneficial. The ascent in tormenting ought to be seen with regards to moral rot of the general public. Advances in data innovation and development of internet based life have prompted the development of harassing with new types of tormenting happening in this new space. The cost of harassing in the public eye is immense and steps must be taken to address this hazard through lawful and social methods. References Donegan, Richard. â€Å"Bullying and Cyberbullying: History, Statistics, Law, Prevention and Analysis.’’ The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 3.1(2012): 33-40. Web. 1 May 2014 Hinduja, Sameer and Patchin, Justin.(2009) â€Å"Safe and Responsible Social Networking Strategies for protecting yourself online.† Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 1 May 2014 Backhanded. (2013) â€Å"Bullying on Social Networks.† Web. 1 May 2014 NoBullying.com (2010). â€Å"six remarkable Cyberbullying cases. Tyler Clementi: New Jersey versus Dharun Ravi, 2010†. Web. 1 May 2014. Olweus, Dan.(2001) Peer provocation: a basic examination and some significant issues. New York: Guilford Publications Wiseman, Brian (2011). Cyberbullying in schools: An exploration concentrate on school approaches and methods. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Source report

Waste Management In Construction Site In Oman Example

Waste Management In Construction Site In Oman Example Waste Management In Construction Site In Oman â€" Assignment Example > BackgroundThe increasing world human population has forced human beings to expand their capacity in order to meet their needs. The growing population demands for more food, shelter and clothing that in turn force the productivity to increase. The means through which these needs are met often result to production of wastes. The menace of waste causes a lot of managerial problems as well as challenges to natural resource management. More innovation and management measures are therefore created to reduce the impacts of; human activities generating wastes; and reduce the impacts of wastes to the environment. One important activity that meets the basic human needs is construction. There are many forms of constructions in today’s world (Saleh and Alalouch, 2015). The constructions do not only meet the basic human needs but also meet secondary and tertiary needs. Construction activities range from simple constructions that need little engineering to complex construction that requires e normous engineering skills. There is a high competition in the building industry hence the activities of construction are likely to happen every day. Regardless of the type and size of construction, there is a likelihood of wastes to be generated at all the stages of construction. These stages of construction include the preconstruction phase, the construction phase and the commissioning phase. All this stages generate either biodegradable or degradable wastes. There is also likelihood that the construction wastes from these stages of construction can produce hazardous wastes. Impact of construction wastes can therefore have negative impact to the natural and human environment. The general situation in the construction industry in the Gulf Cooperation Council currently witnesses growth (GCC Construction Industry, 2012). The government pumps a lot of money to construction as it attempts to diversify the economy. Some catalysts for construction in the country include the promising t ourism industry. Construction industry ends up getting a hefty budget allocation. According to Courtney et al. (2014), Oman has a relatively lower population pressures thus the demand for structural developments is low. However the existing projects have laid down an impressive trend that can easily be managed. The public sector in Oman is responsible for the major structural projects development in Oman. These projects includes large projects in the country. Some of the infrastructure that the central government takes care of include the infrastructure in the the trasnport sector, tourism sector, oil and gas sector. Some of the projects in the transportation sector include airports, roads and highways, railways and ports. Construction projects in the construction sector include construction of resorts and hotels. Major players in the construction sector include the government, real estate developers, project consultants, project managers, contractors, subcontractors and mmaterial suppliers. The main mmaterials used by the construction industry include cement, cement products, steel, wood, wood products, paints and sanitary systems. Not all these materials are exhausted during construction hence result to generation of wastes. Due to the wastes associated with construction of various structural projects there is need to watch the developments in the industry. Wastes are produced in various procesess and stages of construction. This paper will there for review wastes related to the construction sector, stategies of management and there advantages and the barriers of waste management strategies. The paper will also compare waste management strategies between the construction sectors of Oman and United Kingdom.

The Presentation of Death in The Flood and The Crucifixion - Literature Essay Samples

The York Mystery Plays were performed at the annual Corpus Christi feast which celebrated the body of Christ. The 48 plays, which represent sacred Christian history from The Creation to Judgement Day, aimed to entertain and educate people on the key events of Christianity. The theme of death is prominent throughout ‘The Flood’ and ‘The Crucifixion’, indeed, the death of Christ is seen as not only the centre of the York cycle, but remains as the most pivotal moment in Christian history to this day. Both pageants depict death as a punishment; something which is either widely occuring, or directed more personally at one victim. In ‘The Flood’ God is disillusioned with the sinful acts of humanity and seeks to cleanse the world of all people who have disappointed him, which demonstrates a wider aspect of death as a punishment. In ‘The Crucifixion’ a more personal level of punishment is looked into, as Christ is nailed and stretched to th e cross as a result of his political and social disruption to society. The plays also utilise the presentation of death on stage in order to deter audience members from sinning and receiving the same fate as the supposed perpetrators in the plays. The Corpus Christi feast ensured that folk traditions such as the mystery plays, were performed to entertain, and death is portrayed throughout the plays as somewhat humorous and ironic. Mrs Noah and the soldiers are both utilised in order for the audience, who would have been deeply religious, to mock and marvel at their foolishness. In both plays, death is presented as a punishment, albeit both for different crimes. In ‘The Flood’, God becomes disillusioned with the humanity he has a made after observing their sinful acts. He reveals to Noah in Latin: ‘dem dixit repentheth me’ (he repenteth that he ever made mankind) which demonstrates his deep dissatisfaction with the world that he has granted life to. He creates a flood to cleanse the world and orders Noah to build an arc and preserve the best of life. Nature is used as a form of destruction, and the power imagery ‘all that has bone or blood/ shall be overflowed with the flood’ demonstrates the sheer mass destruction that God intends to create. This imagery elicits attention, as the element which usually helps growth now works in all of its strength to prevent it, preventing nature as an unbreakably strong form of destruction. Similarly, in ‘The Crucifixion’, Christ’s nailing to the cross is drawn out due to the inability of the soldiers, who make errors in measurements which result in Christs limbs having to be stretched. Soldier three exclaims ‘the foulest death of all/ he shall die for his deeds’ and the repetition of the plosive consonant ‘d’ resonates harsh sounds, which resonate to the painfulness of the death which Christ ensured in. The 14 line stanzaic form and rhyme scheme of ABABABABCDCCCD adds regularity to the structure, but also contributes by prolonging the process of nailing Christ, which presents his punishment as gruesome and painful. In the Flood, the presentation of God’s disappointment in the world is resonated through the acting space, which works in attempt to deter the audience from sinning. For example, the actors board the arc which is wheeled away, symbolic of the cleansing that God put into place. As the audience are left alone, a sudden realisation occurs that they too could be sinners, and to avoid being cleansed, they should ensure that their Faith in God does not falter. In this respect, death is presented through the play as a consequence and warning, and the close proximity between the audience and actors in the York streets helps to convey this. Additionally, the casual conversations of the guards allow for the audience to feel as if they easily could have been the ones nailing Christ to the cross, as at the time, the soldiers had no implication of their actions as crucifying sinners was a tradition that stretched for over 500 years. This conjures emotions of guilt, sadness, and responsibil ity, which is contributed to by the staging and small and windy streets of York. This sees audience members crowded into small spaces close to the action, which involves them emotionally and creates a sense of intimacy. This is reinforced by Christ’s speech, in which his last moments he exclaims ‘all men that walk by way or street/ behold mine head, mine hands and my feet’. This powerful couplet heightens a sense of guilt from the audience, who are all personally blamed for Christ’s position, demonstrating how death in the York Plays creates a deep sense of audience involvement and acts as a warning to crowds, in this case, to consider the treatment of their fellows. The York Mystery plays also present death using dramatic irony, which as well as educated the audience, provided them with a humorous refreshment from the sincerity of the topics being presented. The Tudor period often on the comic effect of a sharp-tongued wife in order to provide relief to the audience, and Mrs Noah successfully provides an interference for Noah, who has a time limit on his task set by God. Noah exclaims ‘Oh woman art thou wood?’ when Mrs Noah refuses to get onto the arc, having ‘tools to truss’ instead. Indeed, Mrs Noah appears foolish in her ignorance of Noah’s prophecy, and V.A Kolve proposes her as ‘the root form of the shrewish wife’. The educated audience would be able to parallel her to Eve, who represented those who refused to follow God. Her foolishness, represented in Noah’s exasperation: ‘for to her harms she takes no heed’, is ironic as she appears to have no sense of the peril she could be in, and it is recognisable that if Noah hadn’t earned salvation from God, Mrs Noah would have been amongst those who perished in the flood, adding dramatic irony to the play. The humorous interlude works to entertain, but also elicits attention to the very serious topic of the end of the world, in which only a fragment of the population survived. In the Crucifixion, the soldiers struggle to carry Christ on the cross: ‘the lifting was not light’. As the audience would be deeply educated on the history of Christianity, they would have believed that Christ carried to sins of the world, hence his heavy weight. The naivety of the soldiers is emphasised as the third soldier tells Christ: ‘thou should have mind.. of wicked works that thou has wrought’, implying that Christ should consider his sins. However, in this moment the audience become superior to the soldiers, who realise no implication of what they’re doing, and in fact the audience would view them as the ones who sinned in the eyes of God. Their obliviousness is demonstrated further by their trade of pining, which suggests they’d be skilled in wood, however, their inability to complete the job without difficult perhaps parallels to their naivety that is expressed through their work, and reiterates the York Play’s use of irony and humour in presenting the serious topic of death. Overall, the York mystery plays treat death within the two plays studied as a serious topic, although lightened up with the addition of humour, which reemphasises that the plays were performed for entertainment purposes, as well as to educate and remind the audience. Simultaneously, the element of audience involvement which is implemented through the staging and presentation of acting, serves as a constant reminder that the audience could be just as guilty in God’s eyes, and that death is never far away from those who sin.

Promotional Marketing Marketing Campaign - 887 Words

Promotional marketing is the use of any special offer intended to raise a customer s interest and influence a purchase, and to make a particular product or company stand out among its competitors. Promotional materials can exist as a part of direct marketing, like mail or email materials that include coupons (See also Direct Marketing). They can also include contests that encourage participation with a company, or product samples that offer something free to customers to generate their interest in the product. Promotions are also common during live interactions between customers and salespeople, encouraging the purchase of additional products. Ultimately, the goal of any promotional marketing campaign is to raise awareness about a product or increase its appeal. Promotional marketing has the advantage of being valuable to both new customers and existing customers -- it offers new customers a reason to try the product for the first time, while building loyalty in existing customers Any company that can offer its customers some additional benefit on top of their normal purchase can use promotional marketing techniques. Retail and service providers that operate out of storefronts use promotional marketing strategies to increase the amount of business they receive. Consider a TV commercial for a pizza restaurant that advertises a lunch deal offering a free drink with the purchase of two slices of pizza. The promotion calls attention to the â€Å"extra† element of the free drink,Show MoreRelatedBusiness: Marketing and Promotional Campaign1596 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. P2 explain the role of promotion within the marketing mix for a selected product/service. P3 explain the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign. P4 explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign. P5 design a promotional campaign for a given product/ service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative briefRead MoreEssay on Promotional Mix1255 Words   |  6 PagesUNIT 9: Creative Product Promotion You are on work experience with large marketing consultant and have been asked to investigate some marketing/promotion situations as part of a research project they are working on. Carry out the following tasks for them and present your research in a professional report Task 1 (P1) Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. Use a high street retailer of your choice and a business of your choice,Read MoreThe Utilization of Flash Mob and Viral Marketing as a Promotional Tools1188 Words   |  5 Pagesand Viral Marketing as a Promotional tool: A Case Study of Mizone Product. By Adlina Nufikha 009201000017 A thesis proposal presented to the Faculty of Communication President University in partial fulfillment of the Qualitative Research Communication Subject Assignment, Concentration Public Relations May 2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study In recent years, with the innovation of promotion tools, print media and broadcast media that know as main promotional tools haveRead MoreAssignment Brief Unit 9 Creative Product Promotion 1 1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof the promotional mix 2. Understand the role of promotion within the marketing mix 3. Understand the role of advertising agencies and the media 4. Be able to create a simple promotional campaign. Assignment 1 – The Role of Promotion Assignment ONE is based on the General Motors field trip on the 30th day of April 2015. Ensure you make specific reference to the information obtained during the field trip. Marketing is a key component of any successful business. The marketing plan outlinesRead MoreMarketing and Adidas Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagessports... Page 2:  The marketing mix For most organisations the marketing function is vital for survival. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as: ‘Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements profitably.’ This definition outlines the key purposes of the marketing function. These are: to compete in a competitive marketplace to... Page 6:  Conclusion An organisation’s marketing mix is its own way to uniquelyRead MoreA Brief Report On Marketing Mix1079 Words   |  5 Pagesreport is to introduce the new ride to Dreamworld. This report will provide a detailed analysis of Dreamworld’s current marketing mix and additionally provide recommended strategies to best promote the new ride. DREAMWORLD MARKETING MIX A marketing mix consists of Product, Place, Price and Promotion. It is fundamental to understand these four elements for developing an effective marketing strategy. Product Dreamworld offers a wide range of products and services to customers. Several services DreamworldRead MoreInternational Marketing Communications975 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Integrated Marketing Communications Integrated Marketing Communications Introduction Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is the coordination and integration of all marketing communication tools, avenues, and sources within a company into a seamless program that maximizes the impact on consumers and other end users at a minimal cost (Clow and Baack, 2004). XYZ, Inc. is launching a new hybrid technology vehicle, the Phantom, into theRead MorePlan The Integration Of Promotional Strategy For A Business Or Product Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pages 11 LO- 4.3: Plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for a business or product. LO- 4.1: Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for an integrated promotional strategy. LO- 4.2: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for a business or product. LO- 4.4: Use appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectiveness. The personal care brand CINTHOL started 1952, in India as aRead MoreMarketing1077 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER II- LITERATURE REVIEW In todays competitive environment it is very important for marketing managers to utilize the complete variety of marketing mix tools to achieve maximum result and one of these marketing tools is sales promotion which has been very important in the food retail division(Sue Peattie; 1998). Nowadays several promotional tools such as coupons, bonus packs, free samples and sweepstakes are very commonly practiced activities offered by manufacturers to its consumers but theRead MoreCultural Context It’s Impact on Promotions for Marketing Campaigns Strategies1077 Words   |  5 PagesImpact on Promotions for Marketing Campaigns Strategies It goes without saying, that the influence of cultural on marketing strategies and campaigns is significant. If a company does not or cannot understand fundamental aspects of culture in a market they are launching or operating a promotional campaign, there is the possibility that the objectives of the promotion may not be realized. Aspects of Culture The significance of cultural context on marketing campaigns and related promotions

Hidden and Obvious Messages - 993 Words

When art in the late antique period was represented by the Jews and Christians in Rome, the result was beautiful paintings, mosaics, sculpture and architecture. What is so unique about this era is that the pieces portrayed biblical scenes, people and places. During the time of Christian persecution, Christian and Jewish art was at times used as a communicator of undercover messages. Many of this art has been found in the catacombs, which were passages under Rome. The Christians and Jews used these passages for safe and secure homes as well as burial chambers. Because they were also used as burial chambers, they contained art just as much art as cathedrals and places of worship did. These pieces of art of are significant because they†¦show more content†¦Among all the pretty, flowery, intricate designs, architecture and mosaics was one piece that is unique to the era. Christ as the Good Shepherd (11-16) is a mosaic in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, in Ravenna, Italy. Created in 425, this piece reflects the verses in John 10:14 and 21:15-17. The Shepherd knows his sheep, and the sheep know their leader. The good Shepherd also loves, feeds, and watches his sheep. This mosaic is also very detailed in relation to border designs. Round flowers of white, blue and green hover above the mosaic, while the piece itself is bordered with small gold and blue waves. Christ as the Good Shepherd pictures the security and attention God always has for his people. Though the beautiful mosaic of Christ as the Good Shepherd (11-16) is from the Mausoleum, the Mausoleum itself is not quite as impressive on the outside as it is on the inside. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (11-15) was probably intended for use as a chapel. The ancient architectural style, longitudinal crossing positioning was used for basilica churches later on. Though the Mausoleum is an interesting piece of architecture, it is not as beautiful as its inside. After observ ing all the art in the chapter, it can be concluded that it is quite interesting as well as surprisingShow MoreRelated Subliminal perception Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages Deceiving Messages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When we think about subliminal perception we usually think of a big publicity stunt for a company. What many people don’t know is that subliminal perception can really be effective. Any person might say, â€Å"Naw, I can’t fall for that I’m not stupid enough to fall into their trap.† For most other cases subliminal perception will attack a person in their sub-conscious state of mind. In one form or anther, subliminal perception takes many forms. It couldRead MoreSteganography, The Most Efficient Part Of Steganography1628 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful is because the information acquired from the systems are usually readable/unencrypted, attackers can access. This is where information hiding becomes necessary; it s a branch of computer science that deals with concealing the existence of a message. There are four primary sub-disciplines of information hiding in an undetectable and/or irremovable especially in audio and data i. Steganography ii. Watermarking iii. Covert Channels iv. Anonymity *Figure 1: Methods of Information Hiding For theRead More Media Advertising and Sex Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages Advertisements are everywhere, combining images and words together to create a message to sell a product. The initial impression is that the advertisers are just trying to sell their products, but there often seems to be an underlying message. It is often heard that â€Å"sex sells.† So, many advertisers will use beautiful women and men in their advertisements to try to market a product. The hope is that â€Å"sex will sell,† and people will go out and buy what the ads are selling. There areRead MoreLangston Hughes Theme for English B and Gerald Graff’s Hidden Intellectualism882 Words   |  4 PagesLangston Hughes â€Å"Theme for English B† and Gerald Graff’s essay â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† portray racial separation and intellectual isolation, respectively. Hughes’ essay is poetic justice, and Graff’s is a call to arms. Hughes’ is short and to the point and is simply what it is, no arguing or convincing, just raw thought. Graff’s is highly intellectual; offering examples and reasoning, and it could even be seen as a not-quite-finished plea to the nation to reevaluate our education system. But theRead MoreSteganography Vs. Digital Images1384 Words   |  6 Pagestechniques that embed hidden messages in multimedia objects have been proposed. There have been many techniques for hiding information or messages in images in such a manner that the alterations made to the image are perceptually unnoticeable. Common approaches include: (i) Least significant bit insertion (LSB) - Least significant bits (LSB) insertion is a simple approach to embedding information in an image file. The simplest steganographic techniques embed the bits of the message directly into leastRead MoreEssay on The Message of The Lord of the Flies by William Golding979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Message of The Lord of the Flies by William Golding William Golding has successfully conveyed the message of Lord of the Flies to the reader. The novel portrays the malicious nature of mankind, through the use of symbolism, where the author makes use of details with second meanings. Throughout the novel, symbolism, which is of both characters and other significant objects, is used, in order to stress the novels message. Lord of the Flies is a story that beginsRead MoreMickey Mouse Monopoly668 Words   |  3 PagesMickey Mouse Monopoly The Mickey Mouse Monopoly documentary reveals the obscure social messages behind the animated films created by the Disney Company. Although we are conditioned to believe that these movies are pure forms of entertainment, further examination has proved that there are hidden messages concerning gender, race and class that Disney is instilling in the minds of children. The speakers in the documentary argue that Disney is extremely political and hides its ideas behind innocenceRead MoreAn Efficient Data Concealment Approach Based On Pixel Pair Matching And Encryption Technique1345 Words   |  6 Pagestransmitted over a network. The idea of PPM is to use the values of pixel pair as a reference coordinate, and search a coordinate in the neighborhood set of this pixel pair according to a given message digit. Before hiding the data within cover image, two encryption schemes chaos encryption for secret messages and selective encryption for cover object are used to increase the data protec tion. The results will prove that the proposed method not only provides better performance than those of LSB andRead MoreIrony In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1002 Words   |  5 Pagesironic. It also makes them look at the novel through a second perspective, that of Bradbury himself. There are many examples of irony in the novel, some blatant, and some well hidden. Someone reading Fahrenheit 451 for pleasure will most likely recognize some of the ironic details prevalent in the novel. One of the most obvious examples of irony in the novel is the idea of the firemen. In our world, the job of a fireman is to put out fires. In the dystopian world of Fahrenheit 451, however, their jobRead MoreKevin Jiang. Ms Westermann. Eng2Db. 28 March 2017. The1410 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups such as African-Americans, women, and most interestingly, the youth. In order for the reader to correctly understand the messages, the youth in this book are portrayed as oblivious to social standards, informed about everyday happenings, and influential in their surrounding society. To commence, the youth in the book really have a knack for ignoring seemingly obvious conversational hints all throughout the book, however this is not their fault and can serve many benefits. One benefit would not

How to Use Mandarin General Prepositions

Mandarin prepositions are used to link nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases within a sentence. Mandarin prepositions can refer to movement within time or space, or function as general prepositions such as the English prepositions with, to, or for. General Prepositions The most common general Mandarin prepositions are: Ã¥ °  / Ã¥ ¯ ¹ – duà ¬ – to (someone)è ·Å¸ – gÄ“n – with; fromç µ ¦ / ç »â„¢ – gÄ›i – to; foræ› ¿ – tà ¬ – for (someone)ç” ¨ – yà ²ng – with Using Mandarin Prepositions The object of a Mandarin preposition comes directly after the preposition, and the OBJECT PREPOSITION phrase (the Prepositional Phrase or PP) comes before the verb, as in this example: Zhà ¨gà ¨ xiÇŽo nÇšhà ¡i duà ¬ wÇ’ wÄ“ixià  o.這個å ° Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¥ ­ ©Ã¥ ° Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ° Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¥ ­ ©Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€šThis little girl smiled at me. (literally: This little girl at me smiled.) Modifiers such as adverbs are placed either before the PP or after the verb’s object: WÇ’ mà ­ngtiÄ n huà ¬ gÄ“n tÄ  shuÃ… .我明å ¤ ©Ã¦Å"Æ'è ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"è ª ªÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"è ¯ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šI will speak with him tomorrow. (literally: I tomorrow will with him speak.) Mandarin Preposition Examples Here are a few sentences with Mandarin prepositions. Please note that there may be more than one translation of English prepositions. Mandarin prepositions have stricter usage than English. Gn JÄ «ntiÄ n wÇŽnshang wÇ’ yà  o gÄ“n tÄ  qà ¹ chÄ «fà  n.ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦â„¢Å¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦â„¢Å¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¤ »â€"åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'é ¥ ­Ã£â‚¬â€šThis evening I am going to have dinner with him. (literally: Today’s evening I am going with him to go and eat food.) Gi LÇ  xiÄ nsheng xiÇŽng gÄ›i tÄ  de tà  itai mÇŽi yÄ « tià ¡o jÄ «n xià  nglià  n.æ Å½Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§ µ ¦Ã¤ »â€"çš„å ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ¨ ² ·Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¢ Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©  â€¦Ã© Å Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ Å½Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§ »â„¢Ã¤ »â€"çš„å ¤ ªÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ¤ ¹ °Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦  ¡Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã© ¡ ¹Ã§â€š ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šMr. Li is thinking of buying a gold necklace for his wife. (literally: Mr. Li is thinking for his wife to buy a gold necklace.) T TÄ  yÇ jÄ «ng tà ¬ wÇ’ xiÃ… « hÇŽo le.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥ · ²Ã§ ¶â€œÃ¦â€º ¿Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥ · ²Ã§ » Ã¦â€º ¿Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šShe has already fixed it for me. (literally: She already for me fixed it.) Yng TÄ  yà ²ng mà ¹ gà ¹n qiÄ o wÇ’ de tà ³u.ä »â€"ç” ¨Ã¦Å" ¨Ã¦ £ Ã¦â€¢ ²Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©   ­Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€"ç” ¨Ã¦Å" ¨Ã¦ £ Ã¦â€¢ ²Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¤ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šHe hit me on the head with a stick. (literally: He with a stick hit my head.)

Youth Criminal Justice Act - 1532 Words

The Youth Criminal Justice Act is a piece of Canadian legislation...that determines the way in which youths are prosecuted under Canadas criminal justice system. The act was implemented April 1, 2003, after 7 years, 3 drafts, and more than 160 amendments. The clearly stated purpose of the Youth Criminal Justice Act is protection of the public through crime prevention, rehabilitation, and meaningful consequences (s.3(1)(a)(I-iii)). For a better understanding on whether the courts were following the Youth Criminal Justice Acts principles in practice, I went to Edmonton Law Courts and sat in on youth court. After reviewing the act in theory and practice, I argue that the Youth Criminal Justice Act is doing a fair job in fulfilling†¦show more content†¦The defendant plead guilty to all of his charges. To begin the judge gave the defendant more time to pay his fine. Then the prosecutor began by saying that the defendant was non-compliant, had consistently sabotaged the peop le around him, and that his mother had called him a selfish individual. Since the defendant had been on probation he had constantly committed new offences. At one point, he had been living in a group home and six days after sentencing he had committed new offences. The crown requested that he should be sentenced 6 months deferred custody. The defendants own lawyer responded by telling the judge she really enjoys her client and that all he was, was a nuisance. Although he was a nuisance to probation officers, the court, and the group home he was not a violent offender, and the YCJA was created so nuisances are not put in custody. Also, her client has his own personal problems which may explain his criminal behaviour as he is angry with his lot in life and often self-medicates. His lawyer said that 6 months deferred custody seems lengthy since that was the maximum sentence one could receive. The judge replied to the attorneys by saying that he has been given chances since he is not a violent offender, but one can only get so many. He said maybe there should be a case of no forgiving. The defendants lawyer replied that her client is, not a danger to the general public and that 3-4 months deferred custody would beShow MoreRelatedThe Youth Criminal Justice Act893 Words   |  4 Pagesfire. The youth criminal justice Act (YCJA) provided opportunities for them to reintegrate and rehabilitate, instead of throwing them in jail. YCJA covers kids between the ages twelve to seventeen years old. It s purpose is to handle youth offenders more differently than adults because of their undeveloped minds. The YCJA was released back in 2003. By protecting the rights and providing Youth Canadians the support they need, the YCJA benefits the offenders in a positive way. The act gentrustRead More Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) Essay872 Words   |  4 Pages Youth crime is a growing epidemic that affects most teenagers at one point in their life. There is no qu estion in society to whether or not youths are committing crimes. It has been shown that since 1986 to 1998 violent crime committed by youth jumped approximately 120% (CITE). The most controversial debate in Canadian history would have to be about the Young Offenders Act (YOA). In 1982, Parliament passed the Young Offenders Act (YOA). Effective since 1984, the Young Offenders Act replaced theRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act879 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice† –Abraham Lincoln Why is it that gardeners spend so much time nurturing their precious flowers? Perhaps the answer lies in the satisfaction which is gained from raising beautiful blooms. In like manner, Canada’s government believes that their flourishing youth deserve care and support in their journey of learning morals. The Youth Criminal Justice Act is a system which enforces the punishment of teenagers from the ages of 12-17Read MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act873 Words   |  4 PagesDear Mike Wallace, chair of the Justice and Human Rights Committee, I am writing today with reference to the recent amendments being proposed to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, contained within Bill C-10. This bill proposes a multitude of amendments that should be made to the current Youth Criminal Justice Act. One of the major amendments that Bill C-10 proposes is in relation to the location of detention for young offenders. Currently, a young offender, under the age of eighteen, can be orderedRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act Essay2429 Words   |  10 Pagesin accordance with the Youth Criminal Justice Act. The Youth Criminal Justice Act was created in 2003. The main objective of this legislation is to hold youth accountable for their actions through the promotion of â€Å"rehabilitation† and â€Å"reintegration† (Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2002, S.3a(ii)). Within the Canadian court system, there is a youth court for individuals who get in trouble with the law while they are still under the age of 18 years. In Calgary, Albert a the youth courtrooms are locatedRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act881 Words   |  4 PagesWhen someone mentions the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), some would argue that there is no purpose for it. Some believe that the age boundary is inappropriate; some believe that children should not have reduced sentences and special rights; and some may think that a youth’s criminal record should be accessible in the future. If one would look at all of the positive aspects, statistics, and examples that apply to the YCJA, then they would better appreciate the statute that applies to the youngRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act2109 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Since the youth justice legislation has begun, there have been three youth justice statutes: the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908-1984), the Young Offenders Act (YOA) (1984-2003), and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) (2003-present). Canada’s youth criminal justice system doesn’t set up a different set of laws for young people. The same things are illegal for both adolescents and adults. The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) explains the criminal laws for young people livingRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesin accordance with the Youth Criminal Justice Act. The Youth Criminal Justice Act was created in 2003. The main objective of this legislation is to hold youth accountable for their actions through the promotion of â€Å"rehabilitation† and â€Å"reintegration† (Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2002, S.3). Within the Canadian court system there is a youth court for individuals who get in trouble with the law while they are still under the legal age of 18 years. In Calgary, Alberta the youth courtrooms are locatedRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagescontinue the government established the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which gives young offenders a chance to better themselves, and. By doing so, the YCJA helps teach youth that their actions are unacceptable and the punishments impose d are lesser then an adult. Through the analysis of their unacceptable actions, lesser punishments and a better future, it is clear that YCJA is highly effective at giving youth a better chance in society. The YCJA teaches youth that their actions were unacceptableRead MoreIs The Youth Criminal Justice Act Really A Deterrent?3036 Words   |  13 PagesIs the Youth in Criminal Justice Act really a deterrent to youth? The Youth in Criminal Justice Act often gets a bad rap for not being hard enough on its young offenders. There is a divide between those who would like to see these youth rehabilitated, and those who like to see them punished with lengthy prison sentences. The following case of R. v. G.-E.(A.), is a prime example of how difficult it can be to chose the most appropriate sentence for a youth offender with the Youth in Criminal Justice

Mermaids Free Essays

The French Revolution in the Minds of Men Author(s): Maurice Cranston Reviewed work(s): Source: The Wilson Quarterly (1976-), Vol. 13, No. 3 (Summer, 1989), pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Mermaids or any similar topic only for you Order Now 46-55 Published by: Wilson Quarterly Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/40257906 . Accessed: 31/05/2012 21:13 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. Wilson Quarterly and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Wilson Quarterly (1976-). http://www. jstor. org 1789 THE FRENCH IN THE REVOLUTION OF MEN MINDS by Maurice Cranston July 14, 1989- BastilleDay- political and culturalleaders of every ideological persuasion assembled in Paristo celebratethe bicentennial of the French Revolution. Was there something strange about their unanimous applause? All subsequent major revolutions, such as those that took place in Russia and China, remain controversialtoday. But the French Revolution, which served as the direct or indirect model for these later upheavals, now passes for an innocuous occasion which anyone, Marxistor monarchist,can join in celebrating. Wasthis proof only of the anaesthetizing power of time, that two centuries could turn the French Revolutioninto a museum piece, an exhibitionacceptable to all viewers, even to a descendent of the old Bourbon monarchs? Or is there something about the French Revolution itself that, from its beginning, sets it apart from later revolutions? The tricouleur, the Marseillaise, the monumental paintings of David all celebrate a series of connected events, alternatelyjoyous and grim, which make up the real, historical French Revolution. But there is another French Revolution, one which emerged only after the tumultuous days were over and the events and deeds became inflated or distorted in the minds of later partisans. This is the French Revolution as myth, and it is in many ways the more importantof the two. It is so, one could argue, because the myth, and not the reality, inspired the scores of revolutions that were to come. The actors of the French Revolution, anWQ SUMMER 1989 nouncing their principles on behalf of all mankind, clearly intended their deeds to have a mythic dimension. They wanted to inspireothers to follow their example. Consider the Declarationof the Rights of Man, passed in Augustof 1789. At no point does it refer to the specific conditions or laws of France. Instead, it speaks in grand universals, as if it were the voice of mankinditself. Replete with terms like citizen, liberty,the sacred rights of man, the common good, the document provides the lexicon for all future revolutions. By contrast, the earlier revolutionary models which stirredthe French in 1789 to act- the English Revolution of 1688 and the American Revolution of 1776- had been essentiallypolitical events, limited in scope and conservative in objectives. The English revolutionists claimed to restore the liberty that the despotic James II had destroyed; the American revolutionaries made the kindredclaim that they were only defending their rights against tyrannical measures introduced by George III. Neither revolutionsought to change society. The French Revolution, however, sought to do exactly that. Indeed, to many of the more zealous French revolutionaries, the central aim was the creation of a new man- or at least the liberation of pristine man, in all his natural goodness and simplicity, from the cruel and corrupting prison of the traditionalsocial order. It is easy to see how this grandiose vision of the Revolution’s purpose went hand-in-handwith the emergence of Romanticism. The great Romantic poets and philosophers encouraged people through- 46 1789 out the West to believe that imagination could triumph over custom and tradition, that everything was possible given the will to achieve it. In the early 1790s, the young William Wordsworth expressed the common enthusiasm for the seemingly brave and limitless new world of the Revolution: France standingon the top of golden hours, And human nature seeming born again. Here we encounter one of the many differences between reality and myth. The reality of the French Revolution, as Tocqueville maintained, was prepared by the rationalist philosophers of the 18th-century Enlightenment, by Voltaire, Diderot, Helvetius, d’Alembert, and Holbach no less than by Rousseau. Its myth, however, was perpetuated during the 19th century by Ro- mantic poets such as Byron, Victor Hugo and Holderlin. Byron in his life and in his poetry bore witness to that romanticized revolutionary idealism, fighting and then dying as he did to help the Greeks throw off the Turkish yoke and set up a free state of their own. The grandeur of its lofty aims made the French Revolution all the more attractive to succeeding generations of revolutionaries, real and would-be; the violence added theatrical glamor. The guillotine – itself an invention of gruesome fascination together with the exalted status of its victims, many of them royal, noble, or political celebrities, made the Terror as thrilling as it was alarming. The wars which broke out in 1793, when France declared war on Great Britain, Holland, and Spain, were fought not by professional soldiers but by conscripts, ordinary men who were ex- Duringthe 1790s, the FrenchArmybecame the â€Å"schoolof the Revolution,†where volunteers learned to â€Å"knowwhat theyfoughtfor and love what they know. † WQ SUMMER 1989 47 1789 pected to †know what they fought for and love what they know. † These wars were thought of as wars of liberation. It hardly matteredthat Napoleon turnedout to be an imperialist conqueror no better than Alexander or Caesar;he was still a people’s emperor. If historians of the French Revolution are unanimous about any one point, it is this:thatthe Revolutionbroughtthe people into French political life. To say that it inwould be to say too troduced â€Å"democracy† much. Althoughpopularsuffragein varying degrees was institutedas the revolutionunfolded, no fully democratic system was set up. But popular supportcame to be recognized as the only basis for legitimatingthe nationalgovernment. Even the new despotism of Napoleon had to rest on a plebiscitary authority. These plebiscites, which allowed voters only to ratifydecisions already made, denied popular sovereignty in fact while paying tribute to it in theory. (The vote for the Constitutionwhich made Napoleon emperor in 1804-3,500,000 for versus 2,500 against hardlysuggestsa vigorous democracy. But if Napoleon’s government was not democratic, it was obviously populistic. The people did not rule themselves, but they approvedof the man who ruled them. The end of Napoleon’s empire in 1815, which was also in a sense the end of the historicalFrench Revolution,could only be brought about by the intervention of foreign armies. Those foreign armies could place a king on the throne of France, as they did with Louis XVIIIin 1815, but they could not restore the principle of royal sovereignty in the hearts of the French people. They simply put a lid on forces which would break ut in anotherrevolution 15 years later,this time not only in France but in other parts of the Westernworld. The French Revolution had turned the French into a republican people. Even when they chose a king- Louis-Philippe to lead that revolution of 1830, he was more of a republican prince than a royal sovereign in the traditional mold. LouisPhilippe,the â€Å"CitizenKing,†had to recognize, as part of his office, â€Å"the sovereignty of the nation. â€Å"And what kind of sovereign is it, one may ask, who has to submit to the sovereigntyof the nation? The answer must clearlybe, one who is king neitherby grace of God nor birth nor lawfulinheritancebut only through the will of the people, who are thus his electors and not his subjects. of â€Å"sovereignty the nation†was a new and powerful idea, a revolutionaryidea, in the 19th century. At the philosophical level, it is usually asto cribed,with some justification, the teachof JeanJacques Rousseau, whom Eding mund Burke, Alexis de Tocqueville, and many lesser commentators considered the ideologue of the French Revolution. What Rousseau did was to separate the concept which he said should be kept of sovereignty, the people in their own hands, from the by which he urged the concept of government, people to entrustto carefullychosen elites, their moral and intellectual superiors. Rousseauheld that neither hereditarykings nor aristocratscould be considered superiors of this kind. Rousseau was uncompromisinglyrepublican. To him a republic could be based only on the collective will of citizens who contracted to live together under laws that they themselves enacted. â€Å"Myargument,†Rousseauwrote in TheSo- Maurice Cranston, a former Wilson Center Guest Scholar, is professor of political science at the London School of Economics. Born in London, he was educated at St. Catherine’sCollege and The His OxfordUniversity. books include John StuartMill (1965),Jean-Jacques: EarlyLife and Work of Jean-JacquesRousseau, 1712-54 (1982), and John Locke: A Biography(1985). WQ SUMMER 1989 48 1789 Three Leaders Three Phases of the Revolution. The liberalMarquisde Lafayetteinitiallyguided the Revolution. GeorgesDanton helped overthrowthe monarchy,but was executedfor being too moderate. Robespierre was both directorand victim of the Terror. ial Contract, â€Å"is that sovereignty, being nothing other than the exercise of the general will, can never be alienated; and the sovereign, which is simply a collective being, cannot be represented by anyone but itself- power may be delegated, but the will cannot be. † The sheer size of France, however, with a population in 1789 of some 26 million of people, precluded the transformation the French kingdom into the sort of direct democracy that Rousseau a native Swissthe Americanshad very reenvisaged. Still, cently proved that a nation need not be as small as a city-statefor a republican constitution to work. And as an inspirationto the average Frenchman, the American Revolution was no less importantthan the writings of Rousseau. The American Revolution thus became a model for France,despite its conservative elements. Moreover,the AmericanRevolution later served as a model for others largely because its principles were â€Å"translated† and universalized by the French Revolution. In Latin America, the Spanish and Portuguesecolonies could not directly follow the American example and indict their monarchs for unlawfully violating their rights; Spain and Portugal, unlike England, recognized no such rights. But following the example of the French RevoWQ SUMMER 1989 49 1789 lution, LatinAmericanslike Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martinwere able to appeal to abstract or universal principles. To describe Bolivia’s new constitution in 1826, Simon Bolivarused the same universaland idealisticcatchwordswhich the French had patented 37 years before: â€Å"In this constitution/’ Bolivar announced, â€Å"you will find united all the guarantees of permanency and liberty, of equality and order. † If the South American republics sometimes seemed to run short on republican liberty nd equality,the concept of royal or imperial sovereignty was nonetheless banished forever from American shores. The short reign of Maximilianof Austriaas Emperor of Mexico ( 1864- 1867) provideda brief and melancholy epilogue to such ideas of sovereignty in the New World. Even in the Old World,royal and aristocratic governments were on the defensive. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna, under Prince Mette rnichof Austria’sguidance, attempted to erase the memory of the Revolution and restore Europe to what it had been before 1789. Yet only five years after the Congress,Metternichwrote to the Russian tsar,AlexanderI, admitting,†Thegovernments, having lost their balance, are frightened, intimidated, and thrown into confusion. † French Revolution had permanently destroyed the mystique on which traditional regimes were based. No king could indisputablyclaim that he ruled by divine right; nor could lords and bishops assume that their own interests and the nationalinterestscoincided. After the French Revolution, commoners, the hitherto silent majorityof ordinaryunderprivilegedpeople, asserted the right to have opinions of their own- and to make them known. For once the ideas of liberty, democracy,and the rightsof men had been extracted from philosophers’treatises and put on the agenda of political actionwhich is what the French Revolution with its â€Å"universalprinciples†did- there could be no security for any regime which set itself againstthose ideals. In old history textbooks one can still find the interpretation of the French Revolutionfirstadvancedby Jules Micheletand Jean Jaures and other left-wing historians who explained the Revolution as one abolishing feudalismand advancing bourgeois capitalist society. While few historians still view the Revolution this way,the Micheletinterpretation was widespread during the 19th century,and its currency promptedmany an aspiring Robespierreto â€Å"comThe revolutionaryuprisingin Frankfurt 1848. â€Å"Thedull sound plete† the revolution. in Completing the revoluof revolution,†which VictorHugo had detected â€Å"pushingout under every kingdomin Europe,†grew dramaticallyloud thatyear. tion meant overthrowing 50 WQ SUMMER 1989 1789 the bourgeoisie in favor of the working class, just as the bourgeoisie had supposedly overthrown the feudal aristocracyin 1789. The convulsive year of 1848 was marked in Europe by several revolutions which attempted to complete the work of 1789. Their leaders all looked back to the FrenchRevolutionfor their â€Å"historicjustification. â€Å"Tocquevilleobservedof these revolutionaries that their â€Å"imitation [of 1789] was so manifestthat it concealed the terrible originalityof the facts;I continuallyhad the impression they were engaged in playactingthe FrenchRevolutionfar more than continuing it. If the 19th centurywas, as many historians describe it, the â€Å"century of revolutions,†it was so largelybecause the French Revolution had provided the model. As it turns out, the existence of a proper model has proved to be a more decisive prod to revolution than economic crisis, political unrest, or even the agitations of young revolutionaries. Indeed, the role of professionalrevolutionaries seems negligible in the preparation of most revolutions. Revolutionaries often watched and analyzed the politi cal and social disintegrationaround them, but they were seldom in a position to direct it. Usually,as HannahArendtobserved,†revolution broke out and liberated,as it were, the professional revolutionistsfrom wherever they happened to be- from jail, or from the coffee house, or from the library. † Tocqueville made a similar observation about the revolutionaries of 1848: The French monarchy fell â€Å"before rather than beneath the blows of the victors, who were as astonishedat their triumph as were the vanquishedat their defeat. † Disturbances which during the 18th century would hardly have proven so incendiary ignited one revolution after another during the 19th century. They did so because now there existed a revolutionary model for respondingto crises. During the 1790s, revolutionaries outside of France such as ToussaintL’Ouverture Haiti and in Wolfe Tone in Ireland tried simply to import the French Revolution,with its ideals of nationalism,equalityand republicanism, and adapt it to local conditions. And well into the 19th century,most revolutionaries continued to focus their eyes not on the future but on the past- on what the French duringthe 1790s had done in roughlysimilar circumstances. e sure, the French Revolution possessed differentand even contradictory meanings, differences which reflect die various stages of the historical Revolution. The ideals and leaders of each stage inspired a particulartype of The revolutionarymen later revolutionary. of 1789-91, including the Marquisde Lafayette, inspired liberal and aristocratic revolutionaries. Their ideal was a quasiBritish constitutional monarchy and suffrage based on propertyqualificati ons. The revolutionariesof 1830-32 realizedthis liberal vision in France and Belgium. The Girondins and moderate Jacobins of 1792-93 became the model for lowermiddle-class and intellectual revolutionaries whose political goal was a democratic republic and usually some form of a â€Å"welfare state. â€Å"The French Revolutionof 1848, with its emphasis on universal manhood suffrage and the state’s obligation to provide jobs for all citizens, initiallyembodied their vision of society. A third type of revolutionary,the extremists of 1793-94 such as Robespierre and GracchusBabeuf, inspired later working-classand socialist revolutionaries. A reactionarysuch as Prince Metternich would hardly have distinguished among these three types of revolutionaries. But a later observer,Karl Marx,did. Seeing that the nationalist revolutions of his time igWQ SUMMER 1989 51 1789 Lenin (shown here in a 1919 photograph) exploitedthe precedentof the FrenchRevolution to legitimizethe BolshevikRevolutionin the eyes of the world. nored the socialist-radical strain of the French Revolution, he came to deplore its influence on later revolutionaries. Marx,who by 1848 was alreadyactive in communist politics, condemned what he considered the confusion of understanding in most of these revolutionarymovements. An emotional yearning to reenact the dramas of 1789-1815 seemed to him to stand in the way of a successful revolutionary strategy. In a letter to a friend in September, 1870, Marxwrote: â€Å"The tragedyof the French, and of the working class as a whole, is that they are trapped in their memories of momentous events. We need to see an end, once and for all, to this reactionary cult of the past. † VladimirIlyich Lenin had no such resWQ SUMMER 1989 ervations. He passed up no rhetorical opportunityto present his Russian Bolsheviks as the heirs of the French revolutionary traditionand the RussianRevolutionof 1917 as a reenactment of France’sRevolution of 1789. Lenin went so far as to call his Bolshevik faction â€Å"the Jacobins of contemporarySocial-Democracy. † is not difficult to understandLenin’s motives. Throughoutthe 19th century, most of the successful revolutions in Europe and Latin America had been nationalist revolutions. (Indeed, when the revolutionaryGerman liberals of 1848 issued their Declaration of Rights, they ascribed those rightsto the GermanVolkas a whole and not to privatepersons. But the 52 1789 into his hands but the ideology and propaexample of the French Revolution suga revolutioncould be more than ganda adopted by the Allied powers in gested that World War I did so as well. When their just a matter of nationalism. Takingthe example of the French Revolution under the earlymilitarycampaignswent ba dly,the Alfanatical Robespierre,one could argue, as lies attemptedto make the war more popuLenin did, that the true goal of revolution lar, and the enormous casualties more tolwas to alter the way people lived together, erable,by declaringtheir cause to be a war In for â€Å"liberty. the name of liberty,Great socially and economically. as we know, Lenin looked back Britain, France, and the United States enYet, a century when attempts at radical couraged the subject nations of the Gerupon social revolutions had been ultimatelyand man, Austrian and Turkish empires to uniformlyabortive. The French Revolution throw off the imperialyoke. of 1848, which removed the â€Å"liberal†King But in championingnationalliberty,the Allies were guilty of hypocrisy. Neither Louis-Philippe,briefly gave greater power to the working class. Duringits most prom- GreatBritainnor France had any intention of permittingnationalistrevolutionswithin ising days, the anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) even accepted a their own empires or those of any neutral seat in the legislative chamber. But the power. But Leninwas able to catch them in the trap of their own contradictions. coup d’etat of Napoleon III in 1851 soon brought an end to all this. The communist By declaring to the world that the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917 was a removement, which Marx described as a enactment of the French Revolution, he specter haunting Europe, produced no more tangible results than most specters was able to attach to his regime all those do. Before World War I, Marxwas notably less influential as a theoretician than were the champions of â€Å"revolutionary socialism† such as Proudhon and FerdinandLassalle(1825-1864) who persuaded the workers that their interestswould be better served by reform and democratic process than by revolution. It was World War I which put revolutionarysocialism back on the agenda again. The â€Å"war to end all wars†gave Lenin the opportunityto persuade the world that the French Revolution could be repeated as a communist revolution in, of all with a Chinese face†: Mao’s Cultural Revolution â€Å"Robespierre places, Russia. Not only did hoped to realizeRobespierre’sdream of pushing beyondpolitical the upheavals of war play reformto remakeman and society. WQ SUMMER 1989 53 1789 strong, if mixed, emotions which the French Revolution had kindled in the outside world from 1789 on. In symbolicways, both large and small- such as naming one of their first naval ships Marat, after the French revolutionaryleader- the early Soviets underscored their connection with the earlier revolution. The attempts of the Allied powers to send in troops to save TsaristRussiafrom the Bolshevikswas immediately seen by a war-wearyworld as a reactionary,counter-revolutionary†White Terror,†and public opinion soon put an end to that intervention. After1917,the Soviet Union’sself-image became less that of a revolutionaryregime socialist and more that of a well-established empire. This transition unexpectedly enabled its adherents at last to obey Marx’s injunctionto abolish the cult of the revolutionary past and to fix their eyes on the present. The idea of revolutionthus passed from the left to the ultra-left,to Stalin and Trotskyand, later, to Mao Zedong and his CulturalRevolutionin China. Yet even during the extreme phase of the CulturalRevolution, Mao still evinced his debt to the French Revolution, a debt which he shares with the later â€Å"Third World†revolutionaries. Whenever a revolutionary leader, from Ho Chi Minh and FrantzFanonto Fidel Castroand Daniel Ortega, speaksof a new man, or of restructuring a whole society, or of creating a new human order,one hears againthe ideas and assumptionsfirst sounded on the political stage during the French Revolution. fact, there can be no doubt that a â€Å"cultural revolution† is what Robespierre set afoot in France, and what, if he had lived, he would have tried to bring to completion. As a disciple of Rousseau, he truly believed that existing culture had corruptedmodern man in all classes of society, and that an entirely new culture was WQ SUMMER 1989 ecessaryif men were to recover their natural goodness. The new religious institutions which Robespierre introduced the cult of the Supreme Being and the worship of Truthat the altar of Reason, as well as the new patrioticfestivalsto replace the religious holidays were all intended to be part of what can only be called a cultural revolution. Robespie rredid not believe that political, social, and economic changes alone, however radical,would enable men to achieve their full humanity. But while the ideals and the languageof the cultural revolution sound nobler than those of the political revolution,such elevation of thought seems only to authorize greater cruelty in action. Robespierre’s domination of the French Revolution lasted for only a short period, from April 1793 until July 1794, when he himself died under the same guillotine which he had used to execute his former friendsand supposed enemies. Moderationwas restoredto the French Revolution after his execution by the least idealistic of its participants a a cynical Talleyrand, pusillanimousSieyes, and a crudely ambitious Napoleon. ikewise, moderation was restored to the Chinese Revolutionby the Chineseadmirersof Richard Nixon. Yet while moderation had been restored to the real historical French of Revolution,the inevitability the returnto was often conveniently ig†normalcy† nored by later revolutionaries. And what of France itself? At first glance, all the majorsubsequent â€Å"dates†of French history seem to be in a revolutionary tradition or at least of revolutionary magnitude- 1830 (Louis-Philippe); 1848 (the Second Republic); 1852 (the Second Empire); 1871 (the Third Republic); 1940 (the Vichy French State); 1945 (the Fourth Republic); 1958 (the Fifth Republic). Yet these headline dates, all suggesting recurrent tumult, may be misleading:Francehas not been wracked by major upheavalsnor 54 1789 that left the structure by social earthquakes of society unrecognizable, as Russia and Chinawere aftertheir revolutions. Continuity may be the most striking feature in Frenchlife. Robertand BarbaraAnderson’s Bus Stop to Paris (1965) showed how a village not more than 10 miles from Paris remained unaffectedyear afteryear by all the great rumblingsin the capital. Are we dealing with a revolutionwhose myth is all out of proportionto the facts? Tocqueville,that most dependableof all politicalanalysts,offersan answer:The major change effected by the Bourbon kings duringthe 17th and 18th centuries was the increasingcentralizationof France and the creation of a strong bureaucracyto administer it. This bureaucracy,in effect, ruled France then and has continued to rule it through every social upheaval and behind every facade of constitutionalchange. This bureaucracyhas providedstabilityand continuitythroughthe ups and downs of political fortune. The French Revolutionand Napoleon, far from making an abrupt break with the past, continued and even accelerated the tendencytowardbureaucraticcentralization. Tocquevillealmost broached sayingthat the French Revolution never happened, that the events not only looked theatrical but were theatrical:The French could afford to have as many revolutions as they pleased, because no matter what laws they enacted, or what persons they placed in their legislative and executive offices, the same civil servants, the functionaries,the members of V would remain Administration, in command. any revolutions can the historian cite as having left the people better off at the end than they were at the beginning? Unfortunatelythe discrepancybetween its mythand its reality may have made the French Revolution a deceptive model for other nations to imitate. The mythtreatedsociety like a neutral, ahistoricalprotoplasmfrom which old corrupt institutions could be extracted and into which new rules for human in teraction could be inserted at will. The reality was that France, with its unusually strong state bureaucracy, could withstand the shocks and traumas of radical constitutional upheaval. In modern history, revolution often seems a luxurythat only privilegedpeoples such as the French and the Americansand the English can afford. Less fortunatepeoples, from the Russiansin 1918 to the Cambodians in 1975, on whom the burden of the establishedregimes weighed more cruelly, have often enacted their revolutions with catastrophicresults. It is perhaps one of the harsherironies of history that, since the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the more a country appears to need a revolution, the less likely it will be able to accomplish one successfully. WQ SUMMER 1989 55 How to cite Mermaids, Essay examples

Safety Management Practices and Safety Compliance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Safety Management Practices and Safety Compliance. Answer: Introduction Nearly all, if not all occupations are associated with some kind health effects also called occupational health hazards. Therefore, human resource managers recommend health surveillance as a method of detecting the potential health hazards that workers in such occupations may be exposed to. According to Arcury et al (2012), an early detection of these health hazards enables the implementation of interventions that facilitate the prevention of any possible disease that the workers may be exposed to, or a reduction of the speed with which a disease process may occur among the workers. This essay aims to identify appropriate health surveillance for workers exposed to Silica in a mining quarry which currently employs less than 20 individuals. We acknowledge that while the mining quarry has established certain measures (fogging systems, localized ventilation, and conveyor covers) to suppress the amount of dust the miners are exposed to, the workers are still exposed to a high risk of con tracting respiratory diseases associated with silicon from the crushed rocks. Our main objective is to design a health surveillance measure for workers in the quarrys control room. In doing so, the paper will first identify the health issues that the miners may be exposed to, before identifying a typical surveillance measure and designing an health surveillance for them. The paper will also give a detailed timeline for the implementation of the designed health surveillance measure before making recommendations on the health surveillance issue. While exposure to silica is a major health risk for miners in Australia, there is a paucity of knowledge of what entails proper health surveillance for such workers. Yet, Burgel et al (2013), Chalupka et al (2013) and Grabinski (2015) provide evidence of an increasing trend of Australian quarry miners contracting silicosis. Equally, statistics from Safe Work Australia and Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) indicate that work-related injuries have high-cost implications to the Australian economy, and occupational hazards related to the mining industry have a significant contribution to the cost (Gochfeld et al 2007). From time immemorial, miners exposed to silica have been burdened by occupational health issues, with some of them dying from silicosis a disease caused by a formation of scar tissue in the lung as a result of constant exposure to silica (Hicks et al 2016). In fact, Hong et al (2012) claim that silica has dangerous effects comparable to asbestos and that it has a potential of causing serious health effects to miners in Australia. Against that backdrop, there is a need for mining organizations to identify and establish standardized health surveillance among workers exposed to silica so that they keep their workers safe. Similarly, Hood et al (2007) argue that there is a need for such organizations to consider establishing modern health surveillance approaches since there is a consistent change from historical models of risk surveillance to more modern and effective models. Keeping up with new techniques will facilitate a change from passive approaches to more active approaches to health surveillance (Junaid et al 2016). Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) A major component of granite, sand, rock, soil and other minerals found in the earths crust, crystalline silica dangerous substance consisting of silicon and oxygen (McCillagh et al 2012). The author further comments that silica may exist freely or combined with other elements to form silicates. On the same note, McCauley et al (2012) indicate that the three common types of crystalline silica (tridymite, cristobalite, and quartz) produce dangerous particles when ground, drilled or cut; and that exposure to these particles (especially during mining) is a major health hazard. In Australia, exposure to RCS has been assigned a safety limit of 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter (0.1mg/m3), meaning that an exposure beyond that limit would be considered a health hazard (Maghsoudipour Sarfaraz 2011). While some scholars claim that this limit is low, Pak et al (2013) observe that part of the reason why the limit was set at that point is the declining incidences of silicosis in Australia. However, the author mentions that despite a decline in incidences of silicosis in Australia, exposure to RCS generally has adverse health effects on most Australian miners. All in all, considering our case study, an RCS exposure of 0.15mg/m3 for primary operators and 0.51mg/m3 for secondary operator indicates a high health hazard which needs immediate attention. Silicosis is part of a group of dust-related diseases called pneumoconiosis, majorly characterized by non-malignant and non-neoplastic changes in lungs as a result of exposure to inorganic dust such as asbestos, coal dust or RCS (Rogers et al 2014). Reports by Health Grove indicate that Silicosis cause 1 death per 100,000 people yearly in Australia and an annual loss of healthy life at the rate of 9.4 people per 100, 000 people (Rogers et al 2014). A majority of Australian population working in the mining industry are exposed to silicosis and other RCS related diseases. Similarly, there are reports that a significant section of Australian population serves this industry. For instance, according to the estimates of the Mineral Council of Australia, there are 200,000 indirectly employed and 127,000 directly employed people in the mining industry (Smith Deloy 2014). Hence, while Subramaniam et al (2016) may have observed a general decrease in silicosis-related deaths in Australia, it is still a disease that affects to several Australians every year. Silicosis affects human health through a definitive pathophysiology, where deposits of RCS in the lung interstitium damage the lungs epithelial cells and release various inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis) and enzymes. According to Savinainen Oksa (2011), these inflammatory cytokines attract other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, and macrophages which have a potential of damaging the lung parenchyma. Equally, Siddiqui et al (2011), Taormina et al (2013) and Walker (2013) propose that even an exposure to low doses of silica may lead to the inability of a worker to have their lungs cleared of inhaled dust, a condition which results from hilar lymph node fibrosis. When the lung parenchyma of a worker is exposed to collagen nodules and hyaline as a result of constantly inhaling silica, the worker may be susceptible to either complicated or simple silicosis. According to Steiner (2011), complicated silicosis is a radiology definition of a situation where the workers x-ray results show coalescent fibrosis while simple silicosis is where there are no signs of coalescent fibrosis. According to James et al (2014), silicosis is identified a common problem to miners majorly because complicated silicosis normally contributes to the development of other significant health complications such as respiratory disability and breathlessness. Equally, Al Amiry (2015) claims that while it is not proven that complicated silicosis leads to the formation of other lung-related complications such as lung cancer and tuberculosis, they are normally perceived as additional complications among persons with silicosis. Chronic Obscure Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A typical complication with COPD is a largely irreversible and lowly developing obstruction of a victims airflow. While cigarette smoking is regarded as the main cause of this complication, Groenewold Baron (2013) and Hong et al (2012) agree that exposures to silica as an occupational risk may also be a cause. Similarly, there are several studies supporting RCS as a causative agent of COPD. For instance, a meta-analysis by Arcury et al (2012) reveals that exposure to silica dust had a positive correlation with COPD. The meta-analysis involved 13 cohort studies that were conducted among coal miners. Apart from the observation that the miners were at a high risk of contracting COPD, the risk was discovered to be higher if the miners were smokers. A recent review by the United States National Institute of Safety and Occupational Health (NIOSH) revealed pathological and epidemiological evidence suggesting that constant exposure to RCS may cause airflow obstruction as a result of chronic small airways disease or chronic bronchitis (Chalupka et al 2013). Similarly, according to the author, the study revealed that emphysema was a predominant complication associated with obstructed airflow as a result of exposure to RCS. Hence, we can summarise that RCS can cause chronic bronchitis or emphysema which can result in airflow obstruction. A review of studies in the Britain on the evidence of increased exposure to COPD in industries and occupations such as tunnelling, cement production, ceramic production, pottery and steel and iron founding, and gold mining found that a consistent exposure to silica in these kinds of environments exposed the workers to COPD as a result of silica exposure (Chalupka et al 2013). RCS is also said to be a causative agent of rheumatoid silicotic nodules which are often found on the lungs of miners and are a risk factor for lung cancer (Gochfeld et al 2007). Similarly, according to Hicks et al (2016), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reveals RCS as a potential carcinogen for human lungs, although there has been a major debate whether silica rather than silicosis is the most important causative agent for lung cancer. Other major health complications associated with RCS include renal and autoimmune diseases. Similarly, according to Burgel et al (2013), RCS has largely been reported to have a causative relationship with systematic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, scieroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. Typical Risk assessment and health surveillance for RCS A typical way of conducting a risk surveillance of RCS exposure is through a measurement of the airborne concentration. According to Hong et al (2012), this method is appropriate because RCS only becomes a health risk when it is inhaled. Hence, In Australia, the most common methodology of conducting a surveillance of RCS health risk is air-monitoring. This a technique used to measure the particle size of RCS as an occupational health risk. According to Hicks et al (2016), these particle sizes are sampled and defined by AS 2985 (2004) which is a protocol established by ISO 7708 of 1995 for the same purpose. Based on AS 2985 of 2004, a respirable dust is defined as the portion of airborne materials which penetrate to un-ciliated airways when inhaled. In Australia, air-monitoring and analysis are carried out using X-ray diffraction or infrared spectroscopy as guided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Chalupka et al 2013). According to Burgel et al (2013), a procedure that involves modern analytical instruments operated by a professional would take 8 hours per 8-hour work shift before an acceptable level of certainty over the RCS concentration is achieved. Similarly, Arcury et al (2012) argued that if a test process would last way shorter than 8 hours, for example, 4 hours or below, then the results may fall short of the legally set standard of proof of interference. However, any test that lasts longer than 4 hours is capable of providing proper compliance monitoring indicators and monitoring of concentrations (Gochfeld et al 2007). Nevertheless, according to Arcury et al (2012), the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) recommend a fully 8-hour sampling or a 12-hour for 8 hours and 12 hours work shift respectively. Similarly, the AIOH strongly recommends laboratory equipment accredited by the Australian National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) for use in the RCS surveillance and analysis. Health Surveillance Measures Upon conducting the monitoring and assessment, the organization can choose to control the exposure levels by drafting an action plan to help eliminate the amount of dust the miners are exposed to (Junaid et al 2016). However, according to Arcury et al (2012), this should be after inviting an occupational health professional to conduct health surveillance, where health hazards of the identified RCS are measured. The author further explains that health surveillance may typically include a review of whether there are residual adverse effects of RCS exposure to the miners health. It means testing the miners respiratory and skin functioning, as well as inspecting of their urine methanol levels (Chalupka et al 2013). Therefore, as will be shown in the subsequent section, a full RCS health surveillance would include a full exposure and occupational history of the employees, several medical tests (spirometry and blood or urine test), interpretation of results from individual tests, a full report and information on levels of exposure and a compilation of the surveillance report for each employee (Gochfeld et al 2007). During the surveillance, there is a need to ensure that the exposure levels for each employee are well captured and recorded so that they can easily be used for future references. The proper recording also ensures that a new employer is not falsely accused of previous exposures (Chalupka et al 2013). Surveillance before Exposure to RCS For purposes of record keeping, it is important that the workers demographical data are collected especially at their first time of admission into the organization. The following information is contained in the demographic data for each employee: This section contains the employees work history and an identification of whether the employee has had any previous exposure to RCS. Similarly, this section will identify the employees current level of exposure to RCS and whether they have, and use the recommended RCS protective gears. There will be an examination of whether any worker currently displays any symptoms to RCS as well as whether an employee has a history smoking. Similarly, this section of the schedule will use a standardized questionnaire (The Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire) as part of the medical examination process. Upon conducting the medical investigation, the workers should be exposed to a session of professional medical advice, which enlightens them of the medical risks associated with exposure to RCS and how to minimise such risks. The health surveillance at this stage will be deemed to be effective it provides all the necessary information to prove that the worker was or was not exposed to RCS in his previous place of work. Similarly, an effective surveillance before exposure gives a detailed medical history of the employee for future reference. Health Surveillance during Exposure to RCS As part of the information to be included in the health records of each employee, there will be a collection of details from any formally conducted assessment especially those that are in compliance with NIOSH. Similarly, part of the employee health records will include their job descriptions as well as the start and finish dates. Similarly, all the results of personal and atmospheric monitoring will be included as part of this data. Besides taking the health records for each employee, there will be a periodic (after every 5 years) medical evaluation which includes taking of their medical history, occupational history, physical examination, and investigation (a repeat of steps 1 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)). The periodic medical evaluations will also be accompanied by their respective epidemiological survey as part of the comprehensive medical evaluation. Equally, there is a need to inform the employer of any abnormal results to enable them to establish proper control measures. Health surveillance during exposure is considered effective when it provides all the information pertaining to the employees health condition enough to facilitate any medical action towards improving the health and well-being of each employee. For instance, it will be considered effective if it ensures that all the workers wear protective gears any time they are within the quarry area. During employee termination, it is important to have comprehensive information about the employee including the reason for termination and date of termination. Equally, if the employee is terminated due to ill health, it is important to record the details of the illness. Likewise, id employee dies during service, the date and cause of death must be recorded. When the employee is terminated, it is important to take them through a final medical examination which includes medical history, physical examination, and investigation. Health surveillance at termination will be considered effective if it establishes the workers exposure levels or status at termination. This means that an effective surveillance at termination should compare the workers level of RCN exposure before joining the organization (before exposure) and at termination. Conclusion Workplace risk assessment should be the basis upon which the development of RCS health surveillance is conducted. Similarly, the health safety of employees in silica-exposed workplaces is only guaranteed when they accept the RCS-based health surveillance as a normal health routine which must be abided by at all costs. In fact, the employees should be involved in the development of health surveillance programs and if need be, there should be adequate training on the importance of fully participating in such programs. There is also a need to orient and inform the workers of how they will be handled during the surveillance program, especially when any abnormal results are detected during testing. This will prepare them psychologically for any outcome and promote their compliance levels to the entire program. Equally, all the information recorded during the health surveillance program should be shared with each individual employee who should then give consent for the information to be passed on to their primary health care provider. Upon collection of such records, they should be kept separately from the organizations human resources to promote confidentiality. For purposes of maintaining standards for RCS-related health surveillance, there is a need to establish and maintain a standardized health surveillance program for all workers within the Australian mining and related industry. On the same note, there is a need to maintain a standardized questionnaire (e.g. the Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire) and health data recording template as part of maintaining a standardized health surveillance program within Australia. In conclusion, persons responsible for developing health surveillance programs need be knowledgeable of health risks caused by RCS including the radiological complications and its interference with lung function. Hence, it is necessary to keep a continuous identification of training needs to keep up with the advancing complications that RCS may bear. References Arcury, T. A., PhD., O'Hara, Heather, MD, MSPH, Grzywacz, J. G., PhD., Isom, S., M.S., Chen, Haiying,M.D., PhD., Quandt, S. A., PhD. (2012). Work safety climate, musculoskeletal discomfort, working while injured, and depression among migrant farmworkers in north carolina.American Journal of Public Health,102, S272-8. Al Amiry, A. (2015). Review article: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An occupational health hazard in the prehospital setting. Journal Of Acute Disease, 4274-276. Burgel, Barbara J, RN, COHN-S,PhD., F.A.A.N., Novak, Debra,R.N., D.S.N., Burns, Candace M,PhD., A.R.N.P., Byrd, Annette,M.P.H., R.N., Carpenter, Holly,B.S.N., R.N., Gruden, MaryAnn, MSN, CRNP,N.P.-C., C.O.H.N.-S./C.M., . . . Taormina, Deborah, MS, RN,A.N.P.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S. (2013). Perceived competence and comfort in respiratory protection: Results of a nationwide survey of occupational health nurses.Workplace Health Safety,61(3), 103-115. Chalupka, Stephanie, EdD, RN,P.H.C.N.S.-B.C., F.A.A.O.H.N. (2013). Medical surveillance for workplace exposure to hazardous drugs.Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 92. Grabinski, C. (2015). Toxicology 101.Chemical Engineering Progress,111(11), 31-36. Gochfeld, Michael,M.D., PhD., Mohr, Sandra,M.D., M.P.H. (2007). Protecting contract workers: Case study of the US department of energy's nuclear and chemical waste management.American Journal of Public Health,97(9), 1607-13. Groenewold, M. R., Baron, S. L. (2013). The Proportion of Work-Related Emergency Department Visits Not Expected to Be Paid by Workers' Compensation: Implications for Occupational Health Surveillance, Research, Policy, and Health Equity. Health Services Research, 48(6pt1), 1939-1959. Hicks, G., Buttigieg, D., De Cieri, H. (2016). Safety climate, strain and safety outcomes.Journal of Management and Organization,22(1), 19-31. Hong, OiSaeng, PhD,R.N., F.A.A.N. (2012). Exploring occupational health nursing in south america through brazilian experience.Workplace Health Safety,60(3), 115-121. Hood, Joyce, MPH,R.N., C.O.H.N.-S., Larraaga, Michael, PhD, PE, CIH, CSP. (2007). Employee health surveillance in the health care industry.AAOHN Journal,55(10), 423-431. Junaid, M., Hashmi, M. Z., Malik, R. N., Pei, D. (2016). Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review.Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,23(20), 20151-20167. James D, M., Stephen C, H., Giffe T, J., Ping, X., Steve, M., Jay, W., Raymond D, H. (2014). Occupational health surveillance: Pulmonary function testing in emergency responders. Journal Of Emergencies, Trauma And Shock, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 180-185 (2014), (3), 180. McCullagh, Marjorie C, PhD, RN,P.H.C.N.S.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S. (2012). Occupational health nursing education for the 21st century.Workplace Health Safety,60(4), 167-76. McCauley, Linda A, RN, PhD,F.A.A.N., F.A.A.O.H.N. (2012). Research to practice in occupational health nursing.Workplace Health Safety,60(4), 183-9; quiz 190. Maghsoudipour, M., Sarfaraz, Z. (2011). Industrial workers with occupational hand injury from tehran factories.Work,40(2), 211. Pak, V. M., PhD., Powers, M., M.E.S., Liu, J., PhD. (2013). Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: Risk of reproductive disorders.Workplace Health Safety,61(12), 522-528. Rogers, B., Kono, K., Marziale, M. H. P., Peurala, M., Radford, J., Staun, J. (2014). International survey of occupational health nurses' roles in multidisciplinary teamwork in occupational health services.Workplace Health Safety,62(7), 274-81. Smith, T. D., DeJoy, D. M. (2014). Safety climate, safety behaviors and line-of-duty injuries in the fire service.International Journal of Emergency Services,3(1), 49-64. Subramaniam, C., Mohd. Shamsudin, F., Mohd Zin, M. L., Sri Ramalu, S., Hassan, Z. (2016). Safety management practices and safety compliance in small medium enterprises.Asia - Pacific Journal of Business Administration,8(3), 226-244. Savinainen, M., Oksa, P. (2011). Efficiency of workplace surveys conducted by finnish occupational health services.AAOHN Journal,59(7), 303-310. Steiner, M. C. (2011). Workplace health surveillance for occupational skin diseases : diagnostic accuracy and reliability of a teledermatology tool. Siddiqui, H., Ashquin, M., Prasad, R., Arif, J. M., Patil, T. N., Ahmad, I. (2011). Industrial hygiene and toxicity studies in unorganized bone-based industrial units.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,176(1-4), 213-23. Taormina, Deborah, MS, RN,A.N.P.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S., Burgel, Barbara J, RN, COHN-S,PhD., F.A.A.N. (2013). Development of a respiratory protection survey instrument for occupational health nurses: An educational project.Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 79-83. Walker, A. (2013). Outcomes associated with breach and fulfillment of the psychological contract of safety.Journal of Safety Research,47, 31.