Orphanage-El Orfanato Movie-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How does El orfanato / The Orphanage contend with notions of violence and memory? Answer: The concept of the making of the movies is one of the major aspects relating to the development of the storyline to such a use that the ulterior motive behind the story is ultimately fulfilled. The Orphanage/ El Orfanato is the movie which was the best foreign film genre entery from Spain. The sheer beauty of the film along with the treatment of the theme is one of the major reasons of the success of the film. The film beauty fully explores the theme of the horror genre refuting all the stereotypes in its portrayal of the different aspects of the horrific notions presented in the movie. There are number of different scenarios in the movie which are highlighted in the overall presence of the ominous in a subtle but a horrific way. The film highlights the passage of the family through the different problems they had to face in the overall experience they had while renovating and living in a place which was of importance for the lady of the family. The orphanage in its representation of the horrors in the past and the present greatly help in the development of the plot which develops on exploring the causes of the mishappenings of the place. The different aspects of the movie that has been explored in the different aspects of the horror and the situational aspects related to it. The situations in the movie that has been explored takes into account the various situations relating to the different situations that are presented in the movie. One of the important aspect that the movie explores is the theme of the memory violence and the supernatural. The situations that led to the exploration of the different themes in the movie is the situations that present themselves in the form of the violent and gory in the movie. The movie revolves around the protagonist, who comes back to live in the orphanage where she lived as a child. Her husband and she decide to make the place an orphanage to help the specially abled children. One of the major aspects that is highlighted in the movie revolves around the fact that the place has a emotional value for Lauren as the place where she was brought up as a child. The memory of Laura did n ot help her find the different issues that were needed in the different situational aspects relating to the development of the psychological scenarios in which the protagonist experiences the chsnges that the place had undergone. The place had greatly changed and the nostalgia she feels for the place emphasizing her attachment to the place is helped by the fact that she had her childhood. The incidents when they start taking course have strong reminiscence of her child hood relating to the various situational scenarios that have been done in the childhood such as the games that the ghosts of the children played with her son Simon. The knowledge of Simon about his adoption gained from the ghosts also highlight the theme of the memory in the movie. The depiction of the supernatural in the movie greatly emphasize on the fact that the introduction of the violence in the past has led to the introduction of something very grim in the past of the place. The children who were haunting the place were from her past and she realizes it much later after the disappearance of her son. The concept of memory is also shown in the move in the way that she remembered the Way the children played the game of hide and seek in the place when she needed to connect to them. The situations that affected her overall comprehension was the fact that her own child was affected by her interpretation of the situational scenarios in the society. There are number of scenes which shows the concept of the memory in the movie where the children are trapped as the ghosts in the realm because of the violent experience they had in their past. The depiction of Thomas as the boy whose head would be covered in the mask. The relation of Simon to the apparition whom he related to as his playmates. The children in the house were the ghosts of the children who had been killed by the mother of Thomas who held the children responsible for the death of her children. One of the important scenes in the movie that depicted extreme violence was the death of Thomas who was killed in his hiding place in the cave where he was hiding from the children from the orphanage who were mocking him because of his distorted face. The torment that Thomas underwent in the movie is grossly presented in the movie by the fact that the children can sometimes be extremely tormenting and behavior of the children towards lonely Thomas. The ostracism of the child is also violent in a different sense in the organization. One of the major factors affecting the overall behavior of the children was the childrens disgust for the distortion of Thomas face. One of the major violent scenes that is seen in the movie is the crash scene in which the caretaker of the orphanage Benigna is killed. Her death is one of the gory scenes in the movie where her death leads to the discovery of her actions by Laura. The death of Benigna is one of the most gruesome scenes and her sudden action of holding the hand of Laura after she was pronounced dead greatly shows the depiction of the psychological initiation of the violence for the audience. There are a number of scenarios in the movie which show the amount of the violence that the childre n have to go through at the hands of Benigna who was killed. Agitated by the actions of the children which led to the untimely demise of her child she killed them, burned them and hid their ashes in the coal shed. The death of the children was helped by the poison which she put in the food. The sheer fact that she blamed the children for the death of her son made her do deeds that were unfathomable. The violence in the scenes of the movie was purely psychological. The mental trauma that Thomas had to go through at the hands of his friends greatly affected his psyche but even in the film it is seen that he meant no harm despite being an agitated spirit. The spirit of the child had nothing to do with the actions of Benigna. It was her who could not understand the implication of her actions and held the children responsible for the death of her son. The concept of memory is also well presented in the movie. The attraction of Laura to the place of her childhood greatly affected the overall decisions of her in the overall situations in the movie. On the other hand the different situations that are presented in the movie are often the result of a number of accidents. The movie is quite different from the rest of the movies of the horror genre, where the ghosts present their ulterior motives in the form of super natural actions. Contrary to the usual depictions of the ghosts in the movies, the ghosts in the movie are actually of the children who mean no harm to the children. One of the scenarios that shows the painful conditions of the children are that they are bound in the world despite being dead. The concept of memory is also very well explored and depicted in the movie because of the different references of the past actions of the individuals leading to the present. The theme of memory explored in the movie is greatly affecting the overall representation of the montage of the movie. The scenarios affecting the representation of the memory as a theme in the movie is the situations that present themselves in the movie. The different situations in the movie uses the theme of the memory and violence as the instigator of horror in the movie. The treatment of the theme of horror in a psychoanalytical way instead of using the usual process of shocking the audience works in the favor of the movie and it is a horror movie which has a strong influence on the audience due its treatment of the theme of violence and memory. The transformation of the lively place of the memory of Laura to the desolate place which was haunted by the ghosts of the children who died there. There were a numbe r of factors instigating the memories of Laura about the place she so revered and it had now claimed the life of her son. The violence in the movie is instigated by the memories and the memories in the movie are of the violence. The memories and the violence in the movie are subtly used for the instilling of fear among the audience. The memories of the place are hindered by the depiction of the unknown is a passive way where Laura is unable to relate to her companions among whom she lived in the orphanage. The memory is also shown by the knowledge of Laura of the different games that were played by the children. The process of the game and the finding of the different situations of the past through the time and space in the continuum of the movie. The concept of the horror in the movie is majorly introduced by the creation of a number of different situational scenarios relating to the different experiences by Laura. The atmosphere and the overall representation of the different figurative presences in the film help in the overall depiction of the horror and the different scenes in the film depicting the various aesthetic and horrific presences in the movie. One of the major scenes which, shows the presence of the supernatural in the film is aided by the overall representations in the movie. There are a number of scenarios in the movie that have the implication of the presence of something sinister in the environment. The treatment of the theme of horror using the depiction of violence gore and painful depiction of the pitiful scenarios makes the movie different than the movies of the general horror genre. The theme of memory for the depiction of the disparity between the past and the present has a very strong implication of the supernatural presence in the environment. The movie avoids extreme distortions in its depiction of the different scenarios depicting the pain and the overall plight of the children ghosts and their helplessness. The use of memory and violence in tandem affects the overall representation of the theme of horror as the memories of the past show the distortions in the present more clearly. Rather than the depiction of outright death the discovery of the ashes in the coal shed was much more violent a scene depicting the half burnt carcasses of the children hidden off in the different sacs. The memories play an important role in the scene when the protagonist realizes that her d iscovery is of the children that her child played with. The representation of the different themes in the movies helped in the emphasizing of the theme of the horror in the movie without going over the top in its representations. One of the major factors helping in the overall development of the psychological representation of the themes relating to the scenes creating an environment of horror in the movie is helped by the different aspects relating to the overall situations. The treatment of theme of horror in the movie has an implication of the usage of the environment and the psychological aspects and the tweaks of the human mind in the overall development of the theme and the progress of the plot in the movie. Therefore it is seen that the theme of memory and violence is treated with utmost expertise to use the theme to develop the ideas in the movie for the overall development of the horror theme in the movie. The horror theme in the movie uses the concept of the horror theme for the development of various aesthetic themes in the movie. The idea of memory is likewise extremely very much investigated and portrayed in the motion picture in view of the distinctive references of the past activities of the people prompting the present. The subject of memory investigated in the film is incredibly influencing the general portrayal of the montage of the motion picture. The situations influencing the portrayal of the memory as a topic in the motion picture is simply the circumstances that present in the motion picture. The distinctive circumstances in the motion picture utilizes the subject of the memory and brutality as the instigator of frightfulness in the film. The treatment of the subject of frightfulness psychoanalytically as opposed to utilizing the standard procedure of stunning the gathering of people works in the support of the motion picture and it is a blood and gore flick which affects the crowd due its treatment of the topic of viciousness and memory. The film features the entry of the family through the distinctive issues they needed to look in the general experience they had while redesigning and living in a place which was of significance for the woman of the family. The halfway house in its portrayal of the revulsions before and the present enormously help in the advancement of the plot which creates on investigating the reasons for the mis-happenings of the place Bibliography Bayona, J. (2007).The Orphanage (2007). [online] IMDb. Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0464141/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2018]. Krah, B., 2018. The impact of violent media on aggression.The Routledge International Handbook of Human Aggression: Current Issues and Perspectives. Shand, J.P., Friedman, S.H. and Forcen, F.E., 2014. The horror, the horror: stigma on screen.The Lancet Psychiatry,1(6), pp.423-425.

Using Self Introduction Essay Sample For University in Your Job Search

Using Self Introduction Essay Sample For University in Your Job SearchSelf introduction essay sample for university is one of the most effective ways of introducing yourself and announcing your admission. You may be among those people who might have a hard time introducing themselves properly when they are at college or university. Here are few tips that will help you do the job well.Many of the good university student will have already written their own self introduction and some may even have written a paper on their schoolwork. Though this might be a good idea, it can be very stressful for you to read through an essay on yourself. There might be a number of things you need to overcome as well as you have to go through a lot of nervousness.This is where self introduction essay sample for university can come in handy. A few sample questions that will guide you through your task are: 'Who am I? 'What is my motive for writing this essay?If you don't like the idea of writing a paper, t hen the best option for you would be to read a biography that describes your life's career and what have you done during it. In addition, you can use your own life as a stepping stone by making notes about some of the significant events in your life. These examples can serve as references and you can even use it as inspiration for your self introduction essay.Also, there are several self introduction essay sample for university online available. A few of them are free and you can read them easily over the internet. On the other hand, there are some which you have to pay for.Even if you have already earned your university degree, you can still use this to introduce yourself to your prospective professors. You can even use it to convince the parents for the college to admit you into the class. So as a writer, don't hesitate to add self introduction essay sample for university to your arsenal.So, now you know how self introduction essay sample for university can help you in your job se arch. Now you have to choose which to use and how to make the best out of it. Make sure that you find a good university and use it as your reference to give you confidence that you will get accepted.

Napoleon’s influence on modern western military armies free essay sample

Throughout history, military leaders have immortalized their legacies by vanquishing their enemies in the battlefield against overwhelming odds. Soldiers and historians have revered their accomplishments by studying their mastery in the art of warfare with the hopes mimicking their accomplishments. Of them all, Napoleon Bonaparte is considered the best military leader in the history of the Western World and has been the most influential with the development of modern day Western armies. According to Knox, â€Å"military revolutions are changes in the nature and purpose of war itself. Napoleons military tactics and strategy have revolutionized European warfare during the 1800s. His use of nationalism, military organizational structure, and combined arms were key factors that helped his juggernaut army conquer most of Europe. The French system led the way for Europes military modernization and is modeled by the modern day U. S. Army whose military victories and failures have strong familiarities. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon’s influence on modern western military armies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The French Revolution resulted in the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the monarchy. It gave rise to nationalism to a heightened level that has never been witnessed in Europe. It unified the people under a profound sense of liberty and a sacred love of the country. French citizens willingly volunteered their services into establishing battalions and answered their nation’s call to arms. 2 They were determined to protect this new nation of the people. It changed its military from being dynastic, private armies, as they had been in Fredericks day, to being national, public armies. 3 The officer corps which was only privileged to the nobility was 1. Macgregor Knox, Mass Politics and Nationalism as Military Revolution: The French Revolution and after. In The Dynamics of Military Revolution 1300-2050, ed. Macgregor Knox and Williamson Murray (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 57. 2. John A. Lynn, Nations in Arms. in The Cambridge History of Warfare, ed. Geoffrey Parker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 196. 3. Thomas Huber, The Rise of Napoleon (paper presented at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Lee, Virginia, February 6-7, 2014). 2 now open to commoners. Rank progression was now based off of skills and merit rather than birth right or status. Soldiers were now loved and valued by the people. â€Å"Common soldiers were now expected to display the same kind of commitment once reserved only to officers. †4 Like the Napoleonic army, the modern day U. S. Army is an all volunteer force. Both armies enforced the draft when personnel strength was in need to support a difficult campaign. The U. S Armys officer corps is open to all citizens, regardless of ethnicity, religion, and gender. Rank promotion is based off of performance and standards. Soldiers are respected and loved by their country. The U. S. Army emphasizes the importance of the professional soldier whose core principles is in accordance with the Army Values: Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. It expects its soldiers to live up to the demands and expectations of their countrymen. The aftermath of the French Revolution forced Europe to face a powerful new nation that promoted democracy and nationalism. This powerful movement challenged the monarchy and threatened the stability and security of neighboring countries. France went to war with its enemies in order to secure its survival. Napoleons leadership ensured France survival and led his armies on a warpath to dominate most of Europe. He accomplished this by first transforming its military organizational structure. It improved the efficiency of controlling large armies. â€Å"The breaking up of the formerly unitary army into permanent divisions and corps were fundamental to Napoleon’s strategy and his conduct of battle. The expansion of his staff, and the proliferation of subordinate staffs, already under way in the last campaigns of the Old Regime, made possible 4. John A. Lynn, Nations in Arms.  in The Cambridge History of Warfare, ed. Geoffrey Parker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 189. 3 the control of constantly larger and more widely dispersed forces. †5 According to Lynn, by subdividing his army into corps, Napoleon enhanced command and control. It improved logistics, since several corps operating along separate lines of advance could supply themselves more easily than could a single large army operating along a single route. 6 In addition to the forming of corps and divisions, Napoleon created brigade and army levels of commands. This unique military organizational structure allowed him to effectively move his large armies and outmaneuver his enemies. Like the French, the U. S. Army’s military organizational structure consists of armies, corps, divisions, brigades, and battalions. The only exception is the regional commands that it uses. Each command level organization consists of a robust staff that assists commanders with developing plans and executing orders. This organizational structure provides an efficient method of commanding and controlling from the lowest to the highest level of commands. The transformation of the French military organizational structure provided better command and control for large armies. However, its use of combined arms allowed the French to annihilate their enemies in the battlefield. â€Å"The French had pioneered the use of combat division, combining infantry, cavalry, and artillery to create a small army of a few thousand men which could operate either independently or in conjunction with other divisions†7 For the first 5. Peter Paret Napoleon and the Revolution in War. In The Makers of Modern Strategy, 123-142. ed. Peter Paret (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 198), 125.John A. Lynn, Nations in Arms. in The Cambridge History of Warfare, ed. Geoffrey Parker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 202. 7. Idib. 4 time in history, infantry units could be supported by artillery in all phases of combat. 8 While his enemies used cavalry to harass enemy formations, Napoleon used his cavalry as a flanking element in support of h is infantry by charging into them with maximum force. He realized the importance of artillery and increased its numbers. 9 His combined arms army was capable of facing and defeating much larger enemy formations. It allowed commanders to quickly flank his enemies, maximize his fields of fire, and destroy enemy formations by simultaneously unleashing his combat capabilities. In comparison, the U. S. Army has various combined arms units to fight its nations wars. Of them all, the Brigade Combat Team (BCT) is the countrys primary combat unit. The BCTs are organized depending on their mission requirements. They are either Armored, Infantry, or Stryker BCTs. They all consists of at least three light or mechanized infantry battalions, one cavalry battalion, one field artillery battalion, and two support battalions. BCTs provide commanders the flexibility to maneuver a small and formidable force that is capable of unleashing devastating fire power. Regardless of their rank, soldiers in the heat of battle are able to coordinate air, artillery, and other enablers in order to destroy their enemies. The U. S. and Napoleons use of combined arms in conjunction with a more structured military organization and nationalism have proven to be effective in defeating their enemies. However, its effectiveness proved to have its limits against unconventional forces who refused to fight like professional armies.8. Peter Paret Napoleon and the Revolution in War. In The Makers of Modern Strategy, 123-142. ed. Peter Paret (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 198), 125. 9. John A. Lynn, Nations in Arms. in The Cambridge History of Warfare, ed. Geoffrey Parker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 201. 5 By 1818, Napoleon conquered most of Europe. He was able to conquer Spain within a month that same y ear. However, he soon realized that his mighty army had its limits when fighting against Spanish insurgents who refused to fight the French in the battlefield. The French viewed the guerrillas as poorly organized bands of thugs and refused to see the serious threat they posed. 10 The guerillas had full support from their Spanish brethrens, excellent knowledge of the terrain, and an ample supply of recruits who viciously hated the French occupiers. The Spanish guerillas eventually evolved into hardened warriors after continuous training and engagements against French forces. 11 Time being on their side, the Spaniards grew stronger as the French grew weaker. The French were unsuccessful in defeating the Spanish guerillas. The U. S. Army is in a similar situation with its war in Afghanistan and with its recent operation in Iraq. The U. S. Army has proven its military might by easily destroying the Iraqi military in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and destroying the majority of Taliban forces in Afghanistan in support of Operating Enduring Freedom. However, the U. S. Army underestimated the capabilities of the insurgents in both countries. Time was on their side of the insurgents who were winning the propaganda war. Their determination to win the war against the infidels seemed to grow in strength regardless of the countless battles they lost. Like Napoleons army in Spain, the U. S. Army was trying to defeat an enemy that had support from the majority of the local population and had access to an abundant source of recruits to support their jihad. The insurgents learned from their mistakes, understood the tactics of coalition 10. Don W. Alexander, French Military Problems in Counterinsurgent Warfare in Northeastern Spain, 1808-1813 (paper presented at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Lee, Virginia, February 10, 2014). Don W. Alexander, French Military Problems in Counterinsurgent Warfare in Northeastern Spain, 1808-1813 (paper presented at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Lee, Virginia, February 10, 2014). 6 forces, and improved in their abilities to fight the infidels. Like the French before them, the U. S. Army faced tremendous struggles in defeating the insurgents in both countries. Napoleons military organizational structure, use of combined arms, and nationalism allowed his armies to easily conquer most of Europe. His system forced Europe to revolutionize its military warfare in accordance with the French in order to match their abilities in the battlefield. Its influence in changing European warfare continues to have influence in todays military. To this day, the U. S. Army continues to follow Napoleons system with an all volunteer army with the ability to initiate a draft, possesses combined arms capabilities through BCTs, and follows a multi-leveled command structure through armies, corps, brigades, and battalions. Both armies have demonstrated similar victories against conventional armies, but have proven to be extremely challenging against non-nation states. Napoleons failures with insurrectionists in Spain are similar to the U. S. Army’s struggles against radical Islamists in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is clear that the tools used by both Western Powers must be altered or modified in order to defeat unconventional military forces. 7

Grand Canyon essays

Grand Canyon essays In this paper part one will discuss the Geologic processes that have formed and shaped the landscape of the Grand Canyon. It will discus how the canyon was formed, the age of the canyon, and its present development. It will also, in part two, include the impact that Thomas Moran had on the developing of The Yellowstone National Park by the wonderful paintings and sketches that he drew. Without him the Park may not have been approved. It will also discuss the love that he grew for the colors and the landscape. No one really knows the geological process that formed the Grand Canyon. Geologists feel that a number of processes may have formed the Canyon. Geologists think that the major factors that formed the Grand Canyon are water and wind. Manny people dont understand how water can have such an impact considering the Grand Canyon is located in a desert. The soil in the Grand Canyon is baked by the sun. It becomes very hard and cannot absorb water. When it rains the water tends to come down in torrents. The plants that grow in the canyon have very shallow root systems so they can grab as much water as possible on the rare occasions when it does rain. When you have plants that have very shallow roots, they are very easy to be washed away when it rains. Now you have lots of water and no place for it to go, but down to the Colorado River. With out plants with deep roots there is nothing holding the soil and rocks in place. The force of flash floods can move unbelievable amounts of soil and rock. There are many cracks due to seismic activity, or by constant soaking and drying of the rocks in the canyon. Water settles in the cracks, and in the winter months it begins to freeze. When water freezes it starts to expand and push the rocks apart and widens the cracks. Sometimes a rock will fall and create a rock slide. A rock slide will move a great amount of earth and speed up the time it takes to create ...

Critical thinking(Dose Business culture in Europe influence the Essay

Critical thinking(Dose Business culture in Europe influence the culture in Asian) - Essay Example Both cultures ensure that they are always well in touch with what is trending and popular and incorporate this in their own way into their business practices. Another notable aspect in the evaluation of business culture in the two continents is the close proximity in location (Consulting, 2009). This obviously allows them influence each other every so often. However, as with any two systems, there is likelihood that if one has a superior culture (one that is more dominant) their influence on their counterpart would be far more noticeable. In this regard, this paper has determined that the European culture is the far more dominant on a global perspective and therefore influences the Asian business Culture, just as well as the rest of the world. Some of the influences in question are more outstanding and noticeable while some not so much (Jones, 2006). This paper will outline both kinds of influences but focus more on the outstanding influences. The aim of this paper briefly, is to com e to a viable conclusion on whether European business culture has had any influence on Asian business culture. This conclusion is drawn from a viable research. The paper takes into context all factors and perspectives of importance on the issue at hand. This paper took into account scholarly research on the topic at hand. Oxelheim( 2006) determines that the European culture has certain attributes that are specific only to it. This attributes, although having been emulated in other parts of the world are distinctively European. The attributes in question have a relation to the historical or political lifestyle of the European continent and are therefore, for the most part, noticeable. One of the distinctive attributes that Oxelheim( 2006) lays out is the inclination towards family based entrepreneurship. Although other cultures do have this, the European one is more versatile. This is in that, most family based businesses in

Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Design - Essay Example The software architecture in place will determine the easiness of change. In as much these â€Å"forgotten problems† are crucial to be addressed, the software development principles have other factors that also need to be addressed. These are the performance, availability, maintainability, security, costs, benefits and schedule. Thus, it is more valuable to achieve a balance rather than focus on only one aspect which in the â€Å"forgotten problems† is the usability factor. The Software architecture is the representation of the software development. It lists all the key modules, their responsibilities, and interactions. It has various representations. It is essential as a good architecture would reduce development time, maintenance costs and improve the quality of product. How does software architecture interact with usability? This can be understood via enumerating all the phases in software development. These are; system formulation, requirement definition, architecture design, detailed design, implementation, system test and deployment. Each of these chapters is critical, and there exist a high level of interactions. The development cycle in place will dictate the level of interactions between these phases. These methodologies are; waterfall cycle, spiral circle, extreme programming and HCI cycle. The feedback mechanisms in these methodologies will show how effective a method is. (Smith & Williams, 2003). The idea is to come up with an architectural pattern that best achieves usability factors. Various patterns can be applied. The Model view controller displays the module responsibilities and their interactions. A good model view controller shows productive interactions. It hides the unwanted aspects of the user interface from the remainder of the application. It provides a means of buffering changes in the user interface from the remainder of the application. It localizes the â€Å"screen-deep† changes to either the

Speaking In Formal Academic Context English Language Essay

Speaking In Formal Academic Context English Language Essay Oral presentation is the speech or talks that being presented in front of people, for a particular topic interest. The basic component of oral presentation will be the speaker, audience, topic to be discussed, material, and time. Those combining factors will create a good presentation, but it depends on many other factors such as skills, preparation, and knowledge of the topic presenting. Nowadays, English become a global language which is extremely important. Any of the daily activities such as education, and business are using English as a medium of communication. Realizing this situation, thus Malaysian government announced that English is a second language after Bahasa Malaysia, which implies the importance of English. In academic purpose, can be said that all higher education in the Malaysia are using English in the learning process. Malaysian currently still have difficulties in learning English, thus many programs and efforts are being conducted in order to exposed more to people about English. There are some elements that we need to give an attention in preparing and organizing a successful oral presentation. Technically, oral presentation in any field consists of three mains part which is introduction, development of points, and conclusion. Introduction will always deal with preparation and planning on the topic being discussed. Development stage consists of climax of the presentation, where all the point needs to be stress in an appropriate manner. For last stage which is conclusion, it usually ends with the summary of the presentation, and question session from the audience. However, all these three main parts does not work on its own. All the elements need to be used and delivered by combination of skills, enthusiasm, efforts, and person involved. In academic purpose, oral presentation should be easily organized, and the presenter needs to have a deep knowledge about what they want to present. Presenter also should clear the purpose of the topic, and make sure that people can understand on what is being delivered. Many speakers are lack with the skills and confidence level to make an effective presentation. Feeling of stage fright, speech anxiety, or talking error is a common situation happened to the speakers especially for those who are not presenting regularly. In order to overcome the situation, all basic things in presentation also need to be carefully determined. The points like when is the presentation, how long, where is the place, what is the function, who is guest attend, and many more must be carried out before the presentation begins. All these can improve the quality of the presentation. SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTACT A good and effective presentation definitely depend on how well it being structured. Presentation in academic purpose is actually same as other presentation, but different in certain aspect. As be mentioned before, presentation needs to have three important parts which is beginning, the middle, and the end. Beginning process always starts with an appropriate greeting to the audience. Example of greeting good morning ladies and gentlemen, is one of the greeting always being said. Beginning process also includes introducing of the speakers, to introduce who are you, from where, and the purpose of the presentation. The greeting part can be applied each time presentation, but if we are presenting to the same group of audience for many times, introducing part can be skipped. Currently, the most famous ways of presentation is by the aid of power point slide show. Thus it will be a good medium of delivery so that all points can be pointed out clearly. In academic purpose, the slide show will begin in what are the topic will covered, the objective of the subject, and also the brief outline on what the presentation will talk about. This is to make an understanding among audience and could remember certain important information. Purpose should be divided by two, which are general purpose and the specific purpose. General purpose only gives the overview, to present, to summarize, and to discuss the current topic. For specific purpose is the points that we want the audience to take away with them after listening or attending the presentation, or in other word something that really important which needs to be remember. 3.0 PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION In order to have a good communication skills and effective oral presentation in academic purposes, there are some points that can be a guideline. The five key points of the successful oral presentation are as follow: Know your audience Use your voice Body language Presentation aids Practice what to be delivered. 3.1 Know Your Audience In oral communication, the most important thing is we know who our audience is. By knowing the audience, we can know what is the suitable and reasonable points should be put in our presentation. Audience in oral presentation can be a public people, students, employees, or professional team. Thus, in order to prepare this presentation, we need to suite the audience and the content of the presentation. For example, if our audience is a group of secondary student, then we can put some interactive diagram or use simple example which can attract them to listen on the presentation. This is because this type of audience is usually easy to get bored and lost their focus, which only stand for the first part of the presentation. But, if the audience is the professional group like teachers, lecturers, or government officers, the content of the presentation need to be more specific and details as they are the one who have an interest to the topic presented. The presentation need to be more academically, as they want to know details about the particular topic . Audience also consists of two types, which is active and passive audience. Active audience will always involve in the presentation, for example answering question that we ask and give their opinion or question in the middle of presentation. It will be lucky if we get active audience which makes the presentation more interesting and others will also get there information from the ask person. But in current situation for most cases of presentation, there will be hard to find audience in this type. For passive audience, they always keep silent although question or opinion being asked. However, we can change this passive audience to become an active audience. In handling passive audience, more attention need to be given, and if possible just pointed to someone and ask for their opinion about the topic being discussed. Another ways is by giving some rewards for those who standing and give their question or opinion. By this way, we encourage them be active and involved in the presentation. Other than that, we also need to know what the level of knowledge of the audience is. If we are presenting in front of people who are new in the topic, then the presentation needs to be more basic and a bit details. However, if the level of knowledge of the audience is the same or higher, then the presentation needs to be more complete and straight to the point. Thus, to know the audience before the presentation is one of the requirement and necessary. It will help a lot especially in the preparation of material for presentation to the target group. The presentation will be more effective and what we want to deliver can be presented in the most convenience way. 3.2 Use Your Voice In presentation, voice is the medium of communication between speaker and the audience. A good voice in presentation will have a variable intonation in their ways of delivery. Intonation will reflect on the points that being stress out. A loud intonation can be used in stressing on important points and fact, which is things that audience need to be carefully listen and understand. By saying loudly the points, it will attract audience and they will focus on the speakers words. Soft intonation then can be used for the points that are general, or less important. By applying soft intonation, calm condition can be created and this will give some opportunity to the audience in controlling their focus. Speaker also must know to control their voice, and make sure horizontal voice is not being used. While saying something important points, it is also encourage to stop talking for a seconds after the points. This is to create a situation to show that point stated are really important and the speaker show that by silence. However, there are a lot of technique of intonation can be used in order to catch attention, but for an academic purposes, right intonation must be correctly use to prevent lost focus by the audience. 3.3 Body Language Other than a good setup of content and voice tone, body language also plays an important role to the audience. It can communicate and deliver an important message between people which cannot be reached by other method. Body language can be seen in some ways which is: Facial expression Body posture Body gesture Eye contact Facial expression are varies according to the content of the talk. For academic purpose of presentation, the common expression by the speaker is serious expression. Actually, academic purpose is not always dealing with serious and straight expression. A good speaker knows when to apply several of facial expression in order to stress out the point. Expression like smiling, thinking, and confuse expression can create a good psychological effect to the audience. Eye contact to the audience also needs to be controlled. Speaker need to look at the audience from time to time and not looking at the presentation slide or notes in the hand. Any notes or book can be place on the table and can be use as reference, but not for most time. It is not allowed to speaker holding the notes as it shows that speaker are not ready or not sure on what being presented. It is really advisable to the speaker to move around in some radius in the stage. Speaker can move from one side to another slowly in between deliver one points to another. This is to indicate some changes on focus, and keep attention. The transition also can emphasize some points and to clear some points. Body language also is useful to overcome nervousness. While put some expression, we will not feel stress and just do like a normal speaking. In addition, body language can maintain the interest of audience, as they will see variable action and keep focusing. Body language should be natural and friendly, not pretending or force. Body posture can be setup to straight but relaxed, not too technical. Pointing by hand or pointer can be used to indicate part of explanation, in the diagram or table. Negative body language should be prevented. Action like yawning and leaning will indicate speaker is boring. Standing with hands on hips, or arm folded is defensive action and make the presentation not in the right pathway. Other than that, looking at the notes, keep looking at the screen, white board, or floor are also need to be avoided. Speaker also needs to remember to not back turned to the audience, or put a hand in the pocket. Some speaker or presenter also sometimes likes to sway like a pendulum, which is a bad habit. It becomes an annoying action to the audience. 3.4 Presentation Aids In oral presentation the delivery of our idea is one of the most important criteria during the presentation. This is because we want to make sure the audience gets what we want to say and get the basic concepts of our presentation. To make the audience and the spectator pay concentration and follow along the presentation, few different types of presentation aid should be used during the presentation. These aids will increase and gain the audience interest towards the presentation. From help of the presentation aid we are able to make sure that the audience clearly understood what we are going to deliver during the presentation. There are few different types of aid that can be used during the presentation. This aid can be in many different form and types. This is because to make sure that the audience will not get bored with our oral presentation. Among the different types of aid in presentation are the visual aid, video aid, white board and pointer. The uses of the visual aid can enhance the focus of the audiences attention, thus this will make sure that the audience will stay focus during the presentation time. Plus this will help to make our presentation more attractive. Furthermore the visual aid can be used to illustrate points in a easier manner this is because it is easier to understand in visual form but difficult in a verbal form. The visual aid also can be used to reinforce of our ideas during the some part of the presentation. Visual aid also can be used to change focus from aural that the changing the focus of the audience from the oral form into visual form. The visual aid can be very helpful in the oral presentation that involves the motivation; this is because we are able to deliver the idea more easily with the visual aid. Next visual aid also saves time this is because with the visual aid we are able to implement graphics during the presentation. Thus this will reduce the time needed for the explanation for the c ertain points during the oral presentation. This will also reduce the usage of the white board and information to be put on a board. Different types of visual that can be used to convey our ideas are the graphs, maps charts, drawings, images and objects. Avoid putting the full sentences during the presentation with using the visual aid. Next is the video aid in the oral in the oral presentation, video usually contain all the graphics and the image that can stimulate the understanding and gain the interest of the audience. Usually video will come together with the audio which can be very helpful in the brief of the presentation. Sometimes the usage of the video aid can be very helpful, because with the video we are able to understand what are being conveyed easily. Plus there are many different types of graphics that can be used to generate the interest and can make sure the audience stay tuned with the presentation. The video aid can be used for the help of speaker; this is because with the video aid we can reduce the time that is spend during the explanation of the certain points in the presentation. Furthermore the content in the presentation can be very brief and contain a lot of information that can be delivered easily to the audience and the spectators. But avoid using the heavy animation and graphics during th e video aid this is because it will cause the audience to lose the interest in the presentation and can lead to confusion. During a presentation the white boards are used to convey the idea in the simplest form. In addition the white board also is used to give some additional points that are not included in the presentation. The white board are also is used to draw the mind maps and show formulation about something. This will give time to the audience to grasp what are being presented during the oral presentation. Different color marker pens can used to convey the idea by drawing the maps and shortcuts. The usage of different color marker will enhance the memory power the audience, thus this will make sure the audience can remember the each points that are being presented. By using white board also will give extra time for the audience to jot down the important points that are being presented. But the writing of the presenter should be neat and clean this is because neat hand writing will make the audience understand what the points that is being delivered. Another important point is that avoid turning b ack to the audience when about writing on the board. The pointer is one of the important tools that is used as aid during the oral presentation. There are few different types of pointer that can be used such as the laser pointer, stick and even pen. With the usage of pointer we are able to show clearly what are the important point that are being showed in the presentation. This will enable the audience to know about the important point. The pointer also will reduce the movement of the presenter and this makes sure the presenter can present well the presentation. Thus this will also ensure they will not waste energy on walking and can make sure the presenter is comfortable during the presentation period. Apart from that this will reduce the presentation during. 3.5 Practice Points to be Delivered. Practice makes perfect. That phrase should be used in order to have a perfect presentation. For those who are use to give a speech will do not have a problem, but people who are going to present for the first time need to practice a lot. In the presentation, we need to organize and practice especially time frame, fluency of speaking English, any aids to be used, and expected question on particular topic that may be asked. Practicing in front of the mirror or friends can manage to handle with the time frame. Time management is very important in order to deliver points and know where to give more explanation. Practicing also could increase self confidence level as we are prepared on the condition and for the whole presentation. Fluency in English also needs to be alert. There are some words which have difficulties to pronouns, and jargon must be us in limited. This is because some audience will not familiar with the jargon being use, unless the jargon is commonly use and we highly confidence audience understand the phrase or jargon that we use. Question and ask session also need to be practice. The expected question need to be focus on as speaker will dont have any difficulties to answer in the real situation. Some question also need to be asked to the audience to know level of understanding on the topic presented. But do not force audience to give an answer. If possible, find any volunteer to answer the question, and this will create more convenience ways in this session. In explaining some points, rhetorical question can be asked. Rhetoric question is the question being asked without expecting it to be answer. For example, Have you ever heard about†¦, or What does this phenomena imply to us... These questions are asked just to show the problem and need self interpretation about the question. 4.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion, making an effective oral presentation in English in academic context is not something that too heavy to done. By combining all the factors and points given, a successful presentation can be made. What needs to be focus on is the choice of topic, the way of the presentation, skills in presenting, and the content of the presentation. All this may required certain period to prepare and practice, but as efforts be given in the presentation, there will be easy on the real situation and condition. A good presentation should consist of story line, which determined what should be put in introduction, problem definition, an approach to the problem, findings of the solution, and also recommendation or suggestion to the particular topic. In addition, storyboard also could be used as it consist the same things as storyline, but all points are under the same theme. Presentation in English must be always implemented in the daily life, not only for academic purposes, but also for the other context. This is to ensure that English language can be practiced more often and increase the level of English knowledge. Before going to present, it necessary to double check all the information in the slides, finalize the data, clarity of the visual or diagram use, logical aspect of the information, and also correct English grammar being used.